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The State of the World's Children 1999 Carol Bellamy, Executive Director, United Nations Children's Fund Contents Foreword by Kofi A. Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations Chapter I Education For All: Making the right a reality The right to education The education revolution Investing in human rights Chapter IIStatistics General note on the data Explanation of symbols Under-five mortality rankings Regional summaries country list Tables 1 Basic indicators 2 Nutrition 3 Health 4 Education 5 Demographic indicators 6 Economic indicators 7 Women 8 The rate of progress Panels1 Education in free fall: A region in the midst of transition 2 What children understand: The Monitoring Learning Achievement project 3 Beyond the ruler: Competency-based learning in Tunisia 4 Second-hand computer, first-class vision: Thailand's CHILD project 5 A Tanzanian school welcomes the disabled 6 The floating classroom: School clusters in Cambodia 7 Joyful learning: Empowering India's teachers 8 Which language for education? 9 A new beginning: Education in emergencies 10 In India: Helping the poor choose school 11 Egypt's community schools: A model for the education of girls 12 The macho problem: Where boys are underachieving 13 Women educators push the limits for girls in Africa 14 Parent education: Supporting children's first teachers SpotlightsSub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean Central and Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Baltic States Industrialized countries Text figuresFig. 1 Children out of school Fig. 2 Net primary enrolment, by region (around 1995) Fig. 3 Reaching grade five, by region (around 1995) Fig. 4 International milestones for education Fig. 5 Net primary enrolment, by region (1960-2000) Fig. 6 AIDS orphans: A looming education crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa Fig. 7 Primary enrolment: Where the boys and girls are Fig. 8 Education's impact on child mortality Fig. 9 At a glance: The gender gap in primary education and related indicators Fig. 10 Generational impact of educating girls Fig. 11 Who benefits from public spending on education? Fig. 12 School mapping Fig. 13 MEENA: An animated advocate for girls' rights Fig. 14 Cost of education for all by the year 2010 References Glossary Chapter II Statistical tables Economic and social statistics on the nations of the world, with particular reference to children's well-being. General note on the data Explanation of symbols Under-five mortality rankings Regional summaries country list Tables 1 Basic indicators 2 Nutrition 3 Health 4 Education 5 Demographic indicators 6 Economic indicators 7 Women 8 The rate of progress General note on the data Major changes made to the statistical tables in the last report are now an integral part of The State of the World's Children 1999. In particular, each table now includes 193 independent, sovereign countries, listed alphabetically. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is a critical indicator of the well-being of children, and countries ranked in order of their U5MR are listed on the page opposite this note. Every table also includes a column providing the U5MR rank of each country. The data presented in these tables are accompanied by definitions, sources and explanations of symbols. The tables are derived from many sources and thus will inevitably cover a wide range of data quality. Official government data received by the responsible United Nations agency have been used whenever possible. In the many cases where there are no reliable official figures, estimates made by the responsible United Nations agency have been used. Where such internationally standardized estimates do not exist, the tables draw on other sources, particularly data received from the appropriate UNICEF field office. Where possible, only comprehensive or representative national data have been used. Data quality is likely to be adversely affected for countries that have recently suffered from man-made or natural disasters. This is particularly so where basic country infrastructure has been fragmented or major population movements have occurred. Data for life expectancy, total fertility rates, crude birth and death rates, etc. are part of the regular work on estimates and projections undertaken by the United Nations Population Division. These and other internationally produced estimates are revised periodically, which explains why some of the data will differ from those found in earlier UNICEF publications. In addition, the statistical tables in the present report include a substantial amount of new data, including additional data from recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. These surveys were carried out in 1995 and 1996 by more than 60 countries worldwide as a means of assessing the progress made for children in the context of the goals of the World Summit for Children. Major changes have been made to two indicators. The net primary school enrolment ratio, which last year included both administrative and survey data, has been split into two separate indicators: 'net primary school enrolment ratio', as reported though administrative data, and 'net primary school attendance', derived from household survey data. Information on girls and boys going to school, or not going to school, is critical for assessing the achievement of basic education for all, and this warrants more attention to the relevant data, which are currently reflected by two indicators -- enrolment and attendance. The second indicator that has been changed, 'maternal mortality', has also been divided into two separate indicators. The first of these is the most recent country reported data on the maternal mortality ratio. The second is the maternal mortality estimate adjusted for underreporting and misclassification of maternal mortality deaths. This approach has been taken because the maternal mortality ratio reported by many countries does not take into account this undercoverage and hence results in a biased assessment of the maternal mortality situation. Explanation of symbols Since the aim of this statistics chapter is to provide a broad picture of the situation of children and women worldwide, detailed data qualifications and footnotes are seen as more appropriate for inclusion elsewhere. Only two symbols are used to classify the table data. - Indicates data are not available. x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading, differ from the standard definition, or refer to only part of a country. Under-five mortality rankings The following list ranks countries in descending order of their estimated 1997 under-five mortality rate (U5MR). Countries are listed alphabetically in the tables that follow. Country Under-5 mortality rate Value Rank Niger 320 1 Sierra Leone 316 2 Angola 292 3 Afghanistan 257 4 Mali 239 5 Liberia 235 6 Guinea-Bissau 220 7 Malawi 215 8 Somalia 211 9 Mozambique 208 10 Congo, Dem. Rep. 207 11 Zambia 202 12 Guinea 201 13 Chad 198 14 Nigeria 187 15 Mauritania 183 16 Burundi 176 17 Ethiopia 175 18 Central African Rep. 173 19 Equatorial Guinea 172 20 Rwanda 170 21 Burkina Faso 169 22 Benin 167 23 Cambodia 167 23 Madagascar 158 25 Djibouti 156 26 Côte d'Ivoire 150 27 Mongolia 150 27 Gabon 145 29 Tanzania 143 30 Lesotho 137 31 Uganda 137 31 Pakistan 136 33 Haiti 132 34 Togo 125 35 Senegal 124 36 Iraq 122 37 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 122 37 Bhutan 121 39 Eritrea 116 40 Sudan 115 41 Myanmar 114 42 Papua New Guinea 112 43 Bangladesh 109 44 Congo 108 45 India 108 45 Ghana 107 47 Nepal 104 48 Yemen 100 49 Cameroon 99 50 Bolivia 96 51 Swaziland 94 52 Comoros 93 53 Marshall Islands 92 54 Gambia 87 55 Kenya 87 55 Guyana 82 57 Zimbabwe 80 58 Sao Tome and Principe 78 59 Turkmenistan 78 59 Tajikistan 76 61 Kiribati 75 62 Namibia 75 62 Maldives 74 64 Cape Verde 73 65 Egypt 73 65 Morocco 72 67 Indonesia 68 68 South Africa 65 69 Uzbekistan 60 70 Nicaragua 57 71 Peru 56 72 Tuvalu 56 72 Guatemala 55 74 Dominican Rep. 53 75 Samoa 52 76 Vanuatu 50 77 Botswana 49 78 Kyrgyzstan 48 79 China 47 80 Azerbaijan 45 81 Honduras 45 81 Turkey 45 81 Brazil 44 84 Kazakhstan 44 84 Belize 43 86 Viet Nam 43 86 Philippines 41 88 Albania 40 89 Algeria 39 90 Ecuador 39 90 Thailand 38 92 Lebanon 37 93 Saint Kitts and Nevis 37 93 El Salvador 36 95 Iran 35 96 Mexico 35 96 Palau 34 98 Paraguay 33 99 Syria 33 99 Tunisia 33 99 Moldova, Rep. of 31 102 Armenia 30 103 Colombia 30 103 Cook Islands 30 103 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 30 103 Nauru 30 103 Suriname 30 103 Georgia 29 109 Grenada 29 109 Saint Lucia 29 109 Saudi Arabia 28 112 Solomon Islands 28 112 Romania 26 114 Libya 25 115 Russian Federation 25 115 Venezuela 25 115 Argentina 24 118 Fiji 24 118 Jordan 24 118 Micronesia, Fed. States of 24 118 Ukraine 24 118 Mauritius 23 123 TFYR Macedonia* 23 123 Tonga 23 123 Bahrain 22 126 Antigua and Barbuda 21 127 Bahamas 21 127 Saint Vincent/Grenadines 21 127 Uruguay 21 127 Yugoslavia 21 127 Dominica 20 132 Latvia 20 132 Panama 20 132 Qatar 20 132 Bulgaria 19 136 Sri Lanka 19 136 Belarus 18 138 Oman 18 138 Seychelles 18 138 Trinidad and Tobago 17 141 Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 142 Lithuania 15 143 Costa Rica 14 144 Estonia 14 144 Chile 13 146 Kuwait 13 146 Barbados 12 148 Hungary 11 149 Jamaica 11 149 Malaysia 11 149 Poland 11 149 Slovakia 11 149 Brunei Darussalam 10 154 Malta 10 154 United Arab Emirates 10 154 Croatia 9 157 Cyprus 9 157 Cuba 8 159 Greece 8 159 Portugal 8 159 United States 8 159 Belgium 7 163 Canada 7 163 Czech Rep. 7 163 Ireland 7 163 Liechtenstein 7 163 Luxembourg 7 163 New Zealand 7 163 United Kingdom 7 163 Andorra 6 171 Australia 6 171 Denmark 6 171 Israel 6 171 Italy 6 171 Japan 6 171 Korea, Rep. of 6 171 Netherlands 6 171 San Marino 6 171 Slovenia 6 171 Austria 5 181 France 5 181 Germany 5 181 Iceland 5 181 Monaco 5 181 Spain 5 181 Switzerland 5 181 Finland 4 188 Norway 4 188 Singapore 4 188 Sweden 4 188 Holy See no data Niue no data *The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, referred to in the tables as TFYR Macedonia. Table 1: Basic indicators % share
Infant Annual Primary of household
Under-5 Under-5 mortality Annual no. of Life Total school income
mortality mortality rate Total no. of under-5 GNP expectancy adult enrolment 1990-96
rank rate (under 1) population births deaths per capita at birth literacy ratio
(thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (US$) (years) rate (gross) lowest highest
1960 1997 1960 1997 1997 1997 1997 1996 1997 1995 1990-96 40% 20%
Afghanistan 4 360 257 215 165 22132 1201 309 250x 45 32 49 - -
Albania 89 151 40 112 34 3422 74 3 820 71 - 101 - -
Algeria 90 255 39 152 34 29473 869 34 1520 69 62 107 18x 46x
Andorra 171 - 6 - 5 74 1 0 c - - - - -
Angola 3 345 292 208 170 11569 556 162 270 47 42x 88 - -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - 21 - 17 67 1 0 7330 75 95x 100x - -
Argentina 118 72 24 60 21 35671 712 17 8380 73 96 113 - -
Armenia 103 48 30 38 25 3642 48 1 630 71 100 82 - -
Australia 171 24 6 20 5 18250 262 2 20090 78 - 108 16x 42x
Austria 181 43 5 37 5 8161 84 0 28110 77 - 101 - -
Azerbaijan 81 75 45 55 34 7655 149 7 480 71 100 104 - -
Bahamas 127 68 21 51 18 288 5 0 11850x 74 98 94 - -
Bahrain 126 203 22 130 18 582 12 0 7840x 73 85 108 - -
Bangladesh 44 247 109 151 81 122013 3282 358 260 58 38 69 23 38
Barbados 148 90 12 74 11 262 3 0 6600x 76 97 90 - -
Belarus 138 47 18 37 14 10339 103 2 2070 70 99 97 26 33
Belgium 163 35 7 31 6 10188 114 1 26440 77 - 103 22x 36x
Belize 86 104 43 74 35 224 7 0 2700 75 70x 121 - -
Benin 23 300 167 176 102 5720 241 40 350 55 37 72 - -
Bhutan 39 300 121 175 87 1862 78 9 390 53 42 25x - -
Bolivia 51 255 96 152 69 7774 260 25 830 61 83 95 15 48
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 155 16 105 14 3784 42 1 a 73 - - - -
Botswana 78 170 49 117 39 1518 53 3 3210x 51 70 115 11x 59x
Brazil 84 177 44 115 37 163132 3200 141 4400 67 85 112 7x 68x
Brunei Darussalam 154 87 10 63 8 307 6 0 25160x 75 88 110 - -
Bulgaria 136 70 19 49 16 8427 86 2 1190 71 98 97 21 39
Burkina Faso 22 315 169 181 110 11087 511 86 230 46 19 38 - -
Burundi 17 255 176 151 106 6398 274 48 170 47 35 70 - -
Cambodia 23 217 167 146 106 10516 359 60 300 54 65x 122 - -
Cameroon 50 255 99 151 64 13937 550 54 610 56 63 88 - -
Canada 163 33 7 28 6 29943 355 2 19020 79 97x 102 18x 40x
Cape Verde 65 164 73 110 54 406 13 1 1010 67 72 131 - -
Central African Rep. 19 327 173 187 113 3416 129 22 310 49 60 58 - -
Chad 14 325 198 195 118 6702 280 55 160 48 48 55 - -
Chile 146 138 13 107 11 14625 293 4 4860 75 95 100 10 61
China 80 209 47 140 38 1243738 20481 963 750 70 82 120 15 48
Colombia 103 130 30 82 25 37068 873 26 2140 71 91 114 11 56
Comoros 53 265 93 200 69 651 26 2 450 57 57 74 - -
Congo 45 220 108 143 81 2745 117 13 670 51 75 114 - -
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 302 207 175 128 48040 2167 449 130 53 77 72 - -
Cook Islands 103 - 30 - 26 20 0 0 1550x - 99x 98 - -
Costa Rica 144 112 14 80 12 3575 86 1 2640 77 95 107 13x 51x
Cote d'Ivoire 27 300 150 195 90 14300 533 80 660 51 40 69 18x 44x
Croatia 157 98 9 70 8 4498 48 0 3800 72 98 86 - -
Cuba 159 54 8 39 7 11068 146 1 1170x 76 96 105 - -
Cyprus 157 36 9 30 8 766 12 0 14920x 78 94x 100 - -
Czech Rep. 163 25 7 22 6 10237 109 1 4740 73 - 103 24 37
Denmark 171 25 6 22 6 5248 68 0 32100 76 - 99 17x 39x
Djibouti 26 289 156 186 111 634 24 4 780x 50 46 38 - -
Dominica 132 - 20 - 17 71 2 0 3090 74 - - - -
Dominican Rep. 75 149 53 102 44 8097 197 10 1600 71 82 103 12x 56x
Ecuador 90 180 39 115 30 11937 309 12 1500 70 90 109 14 53
Egypt 65 282 73 189 54 64465 1697 124 1080 66 51 100 21 41
El Salvador 95 210 36 130 31 5928 167 6 1700 69 72 88 - -
Equatorial Guinea 20 316 172 188 109 420 17 3 530 50 79 149x - -
Eritrea 40 250 116 170 73 3409 137 16 100x 51 - 57 - -
Estonia 144 52 14 40 13 1455 13 0 3080 69 98 109 17 46
Ethiopia 18 280 175 175 111 60148 2936 514 100 50 36 31 21x 41x
Fiji 118 97 24 71 20 809 18 0 2470 72 92 128 - -
Finland 188 28 4 22 4 5142 61 0 23240 77 - 100 18x 38x
France 181 34 5 29 5 58542 684 4 26270 79 - 106 17x 42x
Gabon 29 287 145 171 85 1138 43 6 3950 55 63 - - -
Gambia 55 364 87 207 66 1169 46 4 320x 47 39 73 - -
Georgia 109 70 29 52 23 5434 75 2 850 73 99 82 - -
Germany 181 40 5 34 5 82190 769 4 28870 77 - 102 19x 40x
Ghana 47 215 107 127 68 18338 705 75 360 58 65 76 20 42
Greece 159 64 8 53 7 10522 104 1 11460 78 97 98 - -
Grenada 109 - 29 - 24 93 2 0 2880 - 96x 88x - -
Guatemala 74 202 55 136 43 11241 412 23 1470 67 56 84 8x 63x
Guinea 13 380 201 215 126 7614 365 73 560 46 36 48 11 50
Guinea-Bissau 7 336 220 200 130 1112 45 10 250 44 55 64 9 59
Guyana 57 126 82 100 59 847 18 1 690 64 98 94 - -
Haiti 34 253 132 169 92 7395 253 33 310 54 45 56 - -
Holy See - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - -
Honduras 81 204 45 137 36 5981 202 9 660 70 73 111 11 57
Hungary 149 57 11 51 10 9990 101 1 4340 69 99 97 24 37
Iceland 181 22 5 17 5 274 4 0 26580 79 - 97 - -
India 45 236 108 144 71 960178 24389 2634 380 62 52 100 21 43
Indonesia 68 216 68 128 45 203480 4756 323 1080 65 84 114 21 41
Iran 96 233 35 145 32 71518 2455 86 1033x 69 69 99 - -
Iraq 37 171 122 117 94 21177 781 95 1036x 62 58 90 - -
Ireland 163 36 7 31 6 3559 46 0 17110 77 - 104 - -
Israel 171 39 6 32 6 5781 117 1 15870 78 96 99 18x 40x
Italy 171 50 6 44 5 57241 523 3 19880 78 98 98 19x 41x
Jamaica 149 76 11 58 10 2515 55 1 1600 75 85 109 16 48
Japan 171 40 6 31 4 125638 1299 8 40940 80 - 102 22x 38x
Jordan 118 139 24 97 20 5774 217 5 1650 70 87 94 16 50
Kazakhstan 84 74 44 55 37 16832 308 14 1350 68 100 96 20 40
Kenya 55 205 87 122 57 28414 1054 92 320 54 78 85 10 62
Kiribati 62 - 75 - 55 81 2 0 920 60 93x 91 - -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 120 30 85 23 22837 495 15 970x 72 - 104x - -
Korea, Rep. of 171 127 6 90 6 45717 689 4 10610 72 98 101 20x 42x
Kuwait 146 128 13 89 12 1731 38 0 18720x 76 79 73 - -
Kyrgyzstan 79 115 48 80 38 4481 115 6 550 68 97 107 10 57
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 235 122 155 99 5194 233 28 400 53 57 107 23 40
Latvia 132 44 20 35 16 2474 24 0 2300 68 100 89 23 37
Lebanon 93 85 37 65 30 3144 76 3 2970 70 92 109 - -
Lesotho 31 203 137 137 95 2131 75 10 660 59 71 99 9x 60x
Liberia 6 288 235 190 157 2467 124 29 490x 50 38 35x - -
Libya 115 270 25 159 22 5784 232 6 5540x 65 76 110 - -
Liechtenstein 163 - 7 - 6 32 0 0 c - 100x - - -
Lithuania 143 70 15 52 13 3719 39 1 2280 70 99 96 20 42
Luxembourg 163 41 7 33 5 417 5 0 45360 76 - 104 - -
Madagascar 25 364 158 219 96 15845 656 104 250 58 46 72 16 50
Malawi 8 361 215 205 135 10086 488 105 180 41 56 135 - -
Malaysia 149 105 11 73 10 21018 536 6 4370 72 84 91 13x 54x
Maldives 64 258 74 158 53 273 11 1 1080 64 93 134 - -
Mali 5 517 239 293 145 11480 548 131 240 48 31 34 - -
Malta 154 42 10 37 9 371 5 0 8650x 77 91 108 - -
Marshall Islands 54 - 92 - 63 59 2 0 1890 - 91x 95 - -
Mauritania 16 310 183 180 120 2392 92 17 470 53 38 78 14x 47x
Mauritius 123 92 23 67 20 1141 22 1 3710 71 83 107 - -
Mexico 96 134 35 94 29 94281 2345 82 3670 72 90 115 12 55
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 - 24 - 20 130 4 0 2070 66 81x 100 - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 88 31 64 25 4448 59 2 590 68 99 94 19 42
Monaco 181 - 5 - 5 32 0 0 c - - - - -
Mongolia 27 185 150 128 105 2568 72 11 360 66 83 88 - -
Morocco 67 220 72 135 58 27518 707 51 1290 66 44 83 17 46
Mozambique 10 280 208 163 130 18265 777 162 80 47 40 60 - -
Myanmar 42 252 114 169 81 46765 1285 146 220x 60 83 100 - -
Namibia 62 206 75 129 58 1613 58 4 2250 56 76x 133 - -
Nauru 103 - 30 - 25 11 0 0 - - - - - -
Nepal 48 297 104 199 75 22591 826 86 210 57 28 110 19 45
Netherlands 171 22 6 18 5 15661 187 1 25940 78 - 107 21x 37x
New Zealand 163 26 7 22 7 3641 56 0 15720 77 - 104 16x 45x
Nicaragua 71 209 57 140 42 4351 147 8 380 68 66 110 12 55
Niger 1 320 320 191 191 9788 496 159 200 48 14 29 19 44
Nigeria 15 207 187 123 112 118369 5039 942 240 52 57 89 13 49
Niue - - - - - 2 0 - - - 99x - - -
Norway 188 23 4 19 4 4364 58 0 34510 78 - 99 19x 37x
Oman 138 280 18 164 15 2401 106 2 4950x 71 59x 80 - -
Pakistan 33 226 136 139 95 143831 5250 714 480 64 38 74 21 40
Palau 98 - 34 - 28 17 1 0 790x - 98x 103 - -
Panama 132 104 20 67 18 2722 61 1 3080 74 91 106 8x 60x
Papua New Guinea 43 204 112 137 79 4500 146 16 1150 58 72 80 - -
Paraguay 99 90 33 66 27 5088 160 5 1850 70 92 109 - -
Peru 72 234 56 142 44 24367 613 34 2420 68 89 123 14 50
Philippines 88 110 41 80 32 70724 2029 83 1160 68 95 116 17x 48x
Poland 149 70 11 62 10 38635 456 5 3230 71 - 98 23 37
Portugal 159 112 8 81 7 9802 110 1 10160 75 90 128 - -
Qatar 132 239 20 145 16 569 10 0 11590x 72 79 86 - -
Romania 114 82 26 69 22 22606 249 6 1600 70 98 100 24 35
Russian Federation 115 65 25 48 20 147708 1416 35 2410 65 99 108 12 54
Rwanda 21 210 170 124 105 5883 267 45 190 40 61 82 23x 39x
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 - 37 - 30 41 1 0 5870 70 90x - - -
Saint Lucia 109 - 29 - 24 146 3 0 3500 70 - 95x - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 - 21 - 18 114 2 0 2370 73 82x 95x - -
Samoa 76 210 52 134 41 168 4 0 1170 69 98x 116 - -
San Marino 171 - 6 - 5 26 0 0 - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Principe 59 - 78 - 61 138 6 0 330 64 57x - - -
Saudi Arabia 112 292 28 170 24 19494 675 19 6800x 71 63 78 - -
Senegal 36 300 124 173 72 8762 362 45 570 51 33 69 11 59
Seychelles 138 - 18 - 14 75 3 0 6850 71 84x 102x - -
Sierra Leone 2 390 316 220 182 4428 208 66 200 37 31 50 - -
Singapore 188 40 4 31 4 3439 55 0 30550 77 91 104 15x 49x
Slovakia 149 40 11 33 10 5355 62 1 3410 71 - 100 28 31
Slovenia 171 45 6 37 5 1922 18 0 9240 73 100x 103 23 38
Solomon Islands 112 185 28 120 23 404 14 0 900 71 62x 97 - -
Somalia 9 294 211 175 125 10217 519 110 110x 49 24x 11x - -
South Africa 69 126 65 89 49 43336 1295 84 3520 65 82 117 9 63
Spain 181 57 5 46 5 39717 386 2 14350 78 97 105 22x 37x
Sri Lanka 136 133 19 83 17 18273 324 6 740 73 90 113 22 39
Sudan 41 210 115 125 73 27899 944 109 320x 55 46 54 - -
Suriname 103 96 30 70 24 437 9 0 1000 71 93 127x - -
Swaziland 52 233 94 157 66 906 33 3 1210 60 77 122 - -
Sweden 188 20 4 16 4 8844 105 0 25710 78 - 105 21x 37x
Switzerland 181 27 5 22 5 7276 79 0 44350 79 - 107 17x 45x
Syria 99 201 33 136 27 14951 457 15 1160 69 79 101 - -
Tajikistan 61 140 76 95 56 6046 185 14 340 67 100 89 - -
Tanzania 30 240 143 142 92 31507 1303 186 170 51 68 67 18 45
TFYR Macedonia 123 177 23 120 20 2190 31 1 990 72 - 89 - -
Thailand 92 148 38 103 31 59159 995 38 2960 69 94 87 14 53
Togo 35 267 125 158 78 4317 181 23 300 50 52 133 - -
Tonga 123 - 23 - 19 99 2 0 1790 72 99x 98x - -
Trinidad and Tobago 141 73 17 61 15 1307 21 0 3870 74 98 96 - -
Tunisia 99 254 33 170 27 9326 225 7 1930 69 67 116 16 46
Turkey 81 219 45 163 40 62774 1390 63 2830 69 82 105 - -
Turkmenistan 59 150 78 100 57 4235 122 10 940 65 98x - 18 43
Tuvalu 72 - 56 - 40 10 0 0 650x - 99x 101 - -
Uganda 31 224 137 133 86 20791 1070 147 300 41 62 73 17 48
Ukraine 118 53 24 41 18 51424 495 12 1200 69 99 87 24 35
United Arab Emirates 154 223 10 149 9 2308 43 0 17390x 75 79 95 - -
United Kingdom 163 27 7 23 6 58200 693 5 19600 77 - 115 15x 44x
United States 159 30 8 26 7 271648 3757 30 28020 77 99x 102 16x 42x
Uruguay 127 56 21 48 18 3221 54 1 5760 73 97 111 - -
Uzbekistan 70 122 60 84 46 23656 674 40 1010 68 100 77 - -
Vanuatu 77 225 50 141 39 178 5 0 1290 67 64x 106 - -
Venezuela 115 75 25 56 21 22777 571 14 3020 73 91 94 11 58
Viet Nam 86 219 43 147 32 76548 1952 84 290 67 94 113 19 44
Yemen 49 340 100 230 76 16294 784 78 380 58 39x 79 - -
Yugoslavia 127 120 21 87 18 10350 130 3 b 72 98 72 - -
Zambia 12 213 202 126 112 8478 361 73 360 43 78 89 12 50
Zimbabwe 58 159 80 97 53 11682 437 35 610 49 85 116 10 62
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 257 170 154 105 592348 25218 4289 528 51 57 74 11 58
Middle East and North Africa 241 62 154 48 325808 10364 638 1798 66 59 92 - -
South Asia 239 116 146 78 1291153 35361 4117 380 61 49 93 21 42
East Asia and Pacific 201 52 133 40 1818498 34141 1777 1193 68 84 116 17 46
Latin America and Caribbean 154 41 103 33 486711 11190 455 3681 70 87 109 9 61
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 101 35 76 29 475816 6603 233 2182 68 97 98 18 44
Industrialized countries 37 7 31 6 842707 9950 65 27086 78 98 104 18 40
Developing countries 216 96 138 65 4655054 119457 11434 1222 63 71 99 15 51
Least developed countries 281 168 171 108 610483 24219 4073 232 51 48 68 20 43
World 192 87 124 59 5833041 132827 11574 5051 64 75 100 18 42
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Under-five mortality rate -- Probability of dying between
birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live
births.
Infant mortality rate -- Probability of dying between birth
and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births.
GNP per capita -- Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes
that are not included in the valuation of output, plus net
receipts of primary income from non-resident sources. GNP
per capita is the gross national product, converted to
United States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method,
divided by the mid-year population.
Life expectancy at birth -- The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time
of their birth.
Adult literacy rate -- Percentage of persons aged 15 and
over who can read and write.
Gross primary school enrolment ratio -- The number of
children enrolled in primary school, regardless of age,
divided by the population of the age group that officially
corresponds to primary schooling.
Income share -- Percentage of income received by the 20 per
cent of households with the highest income and by the 40 per
cent of households with the lowest income.
Main data sources
Under-five and infant mortality rates -- UNICEF, United
Nations Population Division and United Nations Statistics
Division.
Total population -- United Nations Population Division.
Births -- United Nations Population Division.
Under-five deaths -- UNICEF.
GNP per capita -- World Bank.
Life expectancy -- United Nations Population Division.
Adult literacy -- United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
School enrolment -- United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Household income -- World Bank.
Notes
a: Range $785 or less.
b: Range $786 to $3115.
c: Range $9636 or more.
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Table 2: Nutrition
% of % of children (1990-98) who are: % of under-fives (1990-97) suffering from:
infants Total % of
Under-5 with low exclusively breastfed with still underweight wasting stunting goitre rate households
mortality birth- breastfed complementary breastfeeding (6-11 years) consuming
rank weight food moderate moderate moderate (%) iodized salt
1990-97 (0-3 months) (6-9 months) (20-23 months) & severe severe & severe & severe 1985-97 1992-98
Afghanistan 4 20 25 - - 48 - 25 52 20 -
Albania 89 7 - - - - - - - 41 -
Algeria 90 9 48 29 21 13 3 9 18 9 92
Andorra 171 - - - - - - - - - -
Angola 3 19 12 70 49 42 14 6 53 7 10
Antigua and Barbuda 127 8 - - - 10x 4x 10x 0x - -
Argentina 118 7 - - - - - - - 8 90
Armenia 103 7 21 34 - - - - - 40 -
Australia 171 6 - - - - - - - - -
Austria 181 6 - - - - - - - - -
Azerbaijan 81 6 53 75 - 10 2 3 22 20 -
Bahamas 127 - - - - - - - - - -
Bahrain 126 6 - 69 - 9 2 5 10 - -
Bangladesh 44 50 52 69 90 56 21 18 55 50 78
Barbados 148 10 - - - 5x 1x 4x 7x - -
Belarus 138 - - - - - - - - 22 37
Belgium 163 6 - - - - - - - 5 -
Belize 86 4 24 49 - 6 1 - - 0 90
Benin 23 - 15 97 65 29 7 14 25 24 79
Bhutan 39 - - - - 38x - 4x 56x 14 82
Bolivia 51 12 53 78 36 16 4 4 28 5 92
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 - - - - - - - - - -
Botswana 78 11 39 - - 17 5 11 29 8 27
Brazil 84 8 42 30 17 6 1 2 11 14x 95
Brunei Darussalam 154 - - - - - - - - - -
Bulgaria 136 6 - - - - - - - 20 -
Burkina Faso 22 21 12 - - 30 8 13 29 16 23
Burundi 17 - 89x 66x 73x 37 11 9 43 42 80
Cambodia 23 - 60 - 48 52 18 13 56 12 7
Cameroon 50 13 7 77 35 14 3 3 24 26 86
Canada 163 6 - - - - - - - - -
Cape Verde 65 9 18 - - 14 2 6 16 26 99
Central African Rep. 19 15 23 - - 27 8 7 34 63 65
Chad 14 - 2 81 62 39 14 14 40 15 55
Chile 146 5 77 17 - 1 - 0 2 1 97
China 80 9 64 - - 16 - - 34 20 83
Colombia 103 9 16 61 17 8 1 1 15 7 92
Comoros 53 8 5 87 45 26 8 8 34 - -
Congo 45 16 43x 95x 27x 17x 3x 4x 21x 8 -
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 15 32 40 64 34 10 10 45 9 90
Cook Islands 103 1 - - - - - - - - -
Costa Rica 144 7 35 47 12 2 - - - 4 89
Cote d'Ivoire 27 12 3 65 45 24 6 8 24 6 -
Croatia 157 - 24 - - 1 - 1 1 - 70
Cuba 159 7 76 66 - 9 - 3 - 10 45
Cyprus 157 - - - - - - - - - -
Czech Rep. 163 6 - - - 1 0 2 2 - -
Denmark 171 6 - - - - - - - 5 -
Djibouti 26 11 - - - 18 6 13 26 - -
Dominica 132 10 - - - 5x 0x 2x 6x - -
Dominican Rep. 75 13 25 47 7 6 1 1 11 5 13
Ecuador 90 13 29 52 34 17x 0x 2x 34x 10 97
Egypt 65 10 53 37 - 15 4 6 25 5 0
El Salvador 95 11 20 71 28 11 1 1 23 25 91
Equatorial Guinea 20 - - - - - - - - - 20
Eritrea 40 13 66 45 60 44 17 16 38 - 80
Estonia 144 - - - - - - - - - -
Ethiopia 18 16 74 - 35 48 16 8 64 31 0
Fiji 118 12 - - - 8 1 8 3 - 31
Finland 188 4 - - - - - - - - -
France 181 5 - - - - - - - 5x -
Gabon 29 - 57 - - - - - - 5 -
Gambia 55 - - 8 58 26 5 - 30 - 0
Georgia 109 - - - - - - - - 64 -
Germany 181 - - - - - - - - 10 -
Ghana 47 8 19 63 48 27 8 11 26 10 10
Greece 159 6 - - - - - - - 10 -
Grenada 109 9 - - - - - - - - -
Guatemala 74 15 50 56 43 27 6 3 50 20 64
Guinea 13 13 52 - 15 - - 12 29 55 37
Guinea-Bissau 7 20 - - - 23x - - - 19 -
Guyana 57 15 - - - 12 - 12 10 - -
Haiti 34 15 3 83 25 28 8 8 32 4x 10
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 81 9 42 69 45 18 3 2 40 9 85
Hungary 149 9 - - - 2x 0x 2x 3x - -
Iceland 181 - - - - - - - - - -
India 45 33 51 31 67 53 21 18 52 9 70
Indonesia 68 8 47 85 63 34 8 13 42 28 62
Iran 96 10 66 - 41 16 3 7 19 30 94
Iraq 37 15 - - 25 23 6 10 31 7 10
Ireland 163 4 - - - - - - - - -
Israel 171 7 - - - - - - - - -
Italy 171 5 - - - - - - - 20 -
Jamaica 149 10 - - - 10 1 4 6 - 100
Japan 171 7 - - - - - - - - -
Jordan 118 7 32 48 13 9 - 2 16 - 75
Kazakhstan 84 - 12 61 21 8 2 3 16 20 53
Kenya 55 16 17 90 54 23 6 8 34 7 100
Kiribati 62 3 - - - 13x - 11x 28x - -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 - - - - - - - - - 5
Korea, Rep. of 171 9 - - - - - - - - -
Kuwait 146 7 - - - 6x - 3x 12x - -
Kyrgyzstan 79 - 38 50 25 - - - - 20 -
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 18 36 - 31 40 12 11 47 25 93
Latvia 132 - - - - - - - - - -
Lebanon 93 10 - - - 3 - 3 12 15 92
Lesotho 31 11 54 47 52 16 4 5 44 43 73
Liberia 6 - - 17 25 - - - - 6 -
Libya 115 7 - - - 5 - 3 15 6 90
Liechtenstein 163 - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 143 - - - - - - - - - -
Luxembourg 163 - - - - - - - - - -
Madagascar 25 5 61 93 49 40 13 7 48 15 73
Malawi 8 20 11 78 68 30 9 7 48 13 58
Malaysia 149 8 - - - 19 1 - - 20 -
Maldives 64 13 8 - - 43 10 17 27 24 -
Mali 5 16 13 33 60 40 17 23 30 29 9
Malta 154 - - - - - - - - - -
Marshall Islands 54 14 - - - - - - - - -
Mauritania 16 11 60 64 59 23 9 7 44 - 3
Mauritius 123 13 16 29 - 16 2 15 10 0 0
Mexico 96 7 38x 36x 21x 14x - 6x 22x 3 99
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 9 - - - - - - - - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 4 - - - - - - - - -
Monaco 181 - - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 27 7 93 99 74 10 - 1 22 31 62
Morocco 67 9 31 33 20 9 2 2 23 20 -
Mozambique 10 20 37 - - 27 11 5 55 20 62
Myanmar 42 24 30 40 56 43 16 8 45 18 14
Namibia 62 16 22 65 23 26 6 9 28 35 59
Nauru 103 - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 48 - 83 63 88 47 16 11 48 44 93
Netherlands 171 - - - - - - - - 3 -
New Zealand 163 6 - - - - - - - - -
Nicaragua 71 9 11 48 17 12 - 2 24 4 98
Niger 1 15 - 67 52 43 15 15 40 9 7
Nigeria 15 16 2 52 43 36 12 9 43 20 98
Niue - - - - - - - - - - -
Norway 188 4 - - - - - - - - -
Oman 138 8 28 85 64 23 3 13 23 10 65
Pakistan 33 25 16 31 56 38 13 - - 32 19
Palau 98 8 - - - - - - - - -
Panama 132 8 32 38 21 7 1 1 9 13 92
Papua New Guinea 43 23 75 74 66 30x 6x 6x 43x 30 -
Paraguay 99 5 7 59 15 4 1 0 17 49 79
Peru 72 11 63 83 43 8 1 1 26 36 93
Philippines 88 9 33 52 18 28 - 6 30 7 15
Poland 149 - - - - - - - - 10 -
Portugal 159 5 - - - - - - - 15 -
Qatar 132 - - - - 6 - 2 8 - -
Romania 114 7 - - - 6 1 3 8 10 -
Russian Federation 115 6 - - - 3 1 4 13 - 30
Rwanda 21 17 90 68 85 27 11 9 42 26 95
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 9 - - - - - - - - -
Saint Lucia 109 8 - - - - - - - - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 8 - - - - - - - - -
Samoa 76 6 - - - - - - - - -
San Marino 171 - - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Principe 59 7 - - - 16 5 5 26 - -
Saudi Arabia 112 7 - - - - - - - - -
Senegal 36 4 16 69 50 22 - 7 23 12 9
Seychelles 138 10 - - - 6x 0x 2x 5x - -
Sierra Leone 2 11 - 94 41 29 - 9 35 7 75
Singapore 188 7 - - - - - - - - -
Slovakia 149 - - - - - - - - - -
Slovenia 171 - - - - - - - - - -
Solomon Islands 112 20 - - - 21x 4x 7x 27x - -
Somalia 9 16 - - - - - - - 7 -
South Africa 69 - - - - 9 1 3 23 2 40
Spain 181 4 - - - - - - - 10 -
Sri Lanka 136 25 24 60 66 34 - 14 18 14 47
Sudan 41 15 14x 45x 44x 34 11 13 33 20 0
Suriname 103 13 - - - - - - - - -
Swaziland 52 10 37 51 20 10x - 1x 30x - 26
Sweden 188 5 - - - - - - - - -
Switzerland 181 5 - - - - - - - - -
Syria 99 7 - 50 - 13 4 9 21 73 40
Tajikistan 61 - - - - - - - - 20 20
Tanzania 30 14 41 93 53 27 8 6 42 37 74
TFYR Macedonia 123 - 8 - - - - - - 19 100
Thailand 92 6 4 71 27 19 - 6 16 4 50
Togo 35 20 15 - - 19 4 - 34 22 1
Tonga 123 2 - - - - - - - - -
Trinidad and Tobago 141 10 10x 39x 16x 7x 0x 4x 5x - -
Tunisia 99 8 12 - 16 9 - 4 23 4x 98
Turkey 81 8 14 17 14 10 3 - - 36 18
Turkmenistan 59 5 54 - - - - - - 20 0
Tuvalu 72 3 - - - - - - - - -
Uganda 31 13 70 64 40 26 7 5 38 7 69
Ukraine 118 - - - - - - - - 10 4
United Arab Emirates 154 6 - 52 - 14 3 15 17 - -
United Kingdom 163 7 - - - - - - - - -
United States 159 7 - - - 1 0 1 2 - -
Uruguay 127 8 - - - 5 1 1 8 - -
Uzbekistan 70 - 4 - 35 19 5 12 31 18 0
Vanuatu 77 7 - - - 20x - - 19x - -
Venezuela 115 9 - - - 5 1 3 13 11 65
Viet Nam 86 17 - - - 41 9 14 44 20 65
Yemen 49 19 - - 31 39 13 - 39 32 21
Yugoslavia 127 - 6 35 13 2 0 2 7 - 70
Zambia 12 13 27 - 43 24 5 4 42 51x 90
Zimbabwe 58 14 16 93 26 16 3 6 21 42 80
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 15 31 64 47 31 10 8 41 19 61
Middle East and North Africa 11 47 39 33 18 5 7 24 20 48
South Asia 33 45 36 68 51 19 18 52 17 65
East Asia and Pacific 10 56 70 - 22 - - 36 20 72
Latin America and Caribbean 9 39 45 23 10 1 3 19 11 89
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 7 - - - 8 2 5 16 22 25
Industrialized countries 6 - - - - - - - - -
Developing countries 18 44 48 51 31 12 11 38 18 68
Least developed countries 21 44 63 57 40 13 11 47 28 51
World 17 44 48 51 29 11 10 36 18 66
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Low birthweight -- Less than 2,500 grams.
Underweight -- Moderate and severe -- below minus two
standard deviations from median weight for age of reference
population; severe -- below minus three standard deviations
from median weight for age of reference population.
Wasting -- Moderate and severe -- below minus two standard
deviations from median weight for height of reference
population.
Stunting -- Moderate and severe -- below minus two standard
deviations from median height for age of reference
population.
Total goitre rate -- Percentage of children aged 6-11 with
palpable or visible goitre. This is an indicator of iodine
deficiency, which causes brain damage and mental
retardation.
Main data sources
Low birthweight -- World Health Organization (WHO) and
UNICEF.
Breastfeeding -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World Health Organization
(WHO) and UNICEF.
Underweight, wasting and stunting -- Demographic and Health
Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World
Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.
Salt iodization -- Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
and UNICEF.
Goitre rate -- World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in column heading, differ from the standard
definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Table 3: Health EPI vaccines
% of population % of population financed by
with access to with access to government
Under-5 safe water adequate sanitation 1995-97 % fully immunized 1995-97 ORT
mortality 1990-1997 1990-97 1-year-old children pregnant use rate
rank ************************************ ************************************* **************************************************** women (%)
total urban rural total urban rural total TB DPT polio measles tetanus 1990-97
Afghanistan 4 12 39 5 8 38 1 0 66 45 45 58 3 36
Albania 89 - - - - - - 0 94 99 99 95 50 -
Algeria 90 78 91 64 91 99 80 - 94 79 79 74 52 98
Andorra 171 - - - - - - - - 90 90 90 - -
Angola 3 31 46 22 40 62 27 - 68 41 38 78 53 -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - - - 96 - - 100 - 100 100 93 - -
Argentina 118 71 77 29 68 73 37 100 100 86 92 92 63 -
Armenia 103 - - - - - - 5 72 89 95 92 - 33
Australia 171 - - - - - - - - 86 - 87 - -
Austria 181 - - - - - - - - 90 95 90 - -
Azerbaijan 81 - - - - - - - 94 95 98 97 - -
Bahamas 127 94 98 75 82 98 2 100 - 86 86 93 75x -
Bahrain 126 94 94 - 97 97 - - - 98 98 95 56 39
Bangladesh 44 95 99 95 43 83 38 29 91 68 68 62 86 61
Barbados 148 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - 96 96 92 100 -
Belarus 138 - - - - - - 100 98 47 47 74 - -
Belgium 163 - - - - - - - - 62 72 64 - -
Belize 86 83 100 69 57 23 87 100 95 86 85 98 88 -
Benin 23 56 46 71 27 57 8 15 89 78 78 82 73 33
Bhutan 39 58 75 54 70 90 66 0 92 87 87 84 70 85
Bolivia 51 63 86 32 58 74 37 65 93 82 82 98 75 41
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 - - - - - - - 97 79 80 85 - -
Botswana 78 90 100 88 55 91 41 100 59 76 80 79 49 43
Brazil 84 76 88 25 70 80 30 100 100 71 84 100 45 54
Brunei Darussalam 154 - - - - - - - 99 99 99 98 76 -
Bulgaria 136 - - - - - - - 97 94 96 93 - -
Burkina Faso 22 42 66 37 37 41 33 100 46 28 28 33 21 100
Burundi 17 52 92 49 51 60 50 - 71 60 60 50 33 38
Cambodia 23 30 - 25 19 - 9 0 82 70 70 68 31 57
Cameroon 50 50 57 43 50 64 36 27 53 44 47 43 32 43
Canada 163 - - - - - - - - 93x 89x 98x - -
Cape Verde 65 51 70 34 24 40 10 100 80 78 77 82 55 83
Central African Rep. 19 38 55 21 27 38 16 10 94 53 51 46 15 100
Chad 14 24 48 17 21 73 7 100 36 16 15 17 24 29
Chile 146 91 99 41 - 90 - 100 98 91 91 92 - -
China 80 67 97 56 24 74 7 100 96 96 97 96 13 85
Colombia 103 85 97 56 85 97 56 100 98 84 85 76 57 53
Comoros 53 53 76 45 23 40 16 - 55 48 48 49 15 32
Congo 45 34 53 7 69 - - 0 29 23 21 18 30 41
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 42 89 26 18 53 6 - 91 71 73 63 80 90
Cook Islands 103 95 100 95 95 - - 50 84 91 91 86 90 -
Costa Rica 144 96 100 92 84 95 70 100 91 91 93 99 90 31
Cote d'Ivoire 27 42 56 32 39 71 17 100 73 70 70 68 44 73
Croatia 157 - - - - - - 100 98 92 92 91 91 5
Cuba 159 93 96 85 66 71 51 97 99 100 97 100 61x -
Cyprus 157 100 100 100 97 96 100 - - 98 98 90 57x -
Czech Rep. 163 - - - - - - - 97 98 97 97 - -
Denmark 171 - - - - - - - - 89x 100x 84 - -
Djibouti 26 90 77 100 55 64 24 - 58 49 49 47 47 -
Dominica 132 96 97 95 80 80 85 100 100 100 100 100 - -
Dominican Rep. 75 65 80 - 78 76 83 100 88 80 79 80 77 39
Ecuador 90 68 80 49 76 95 49 100 100 76 77 75 3 64
Egypt 65 87 97 79 88 98 79 100 98 94 94 92 61 95
El Salvador 95 66 84 40 90 98 80 100 93 97 96 97 69 69
Equatorial Guinea 20 95 88 100 54 61 48 - 99 81 81 82 70 -
Eritrea 40 22 60 8 13 48 0 20 67 60 60 53 32 38
Estonia 144 - - - - - - - 99 85 86 88 - -
Ethiopia 18 25 91 19 19 97 7 0 90 63 64 52 40 95
Fiji 118 77 - - 92 100 85 50 95 86 88 75 100 -
Finland 188 - - - - - - - 100 100 100 98 - -
France 181 - - - - - - - 83 96 97 97 83 -
Gabon 29 67 80 30 - 72 - - 72 54 54 32 4 25
Gambia 55 69 80 65 37 83 23 0 99 96 98 91 86 99
Georgia 109 - - - - - - 0 76 92 98 95 - 14
Germany 181 - - - - - - - - 45 80 75 80 -
Ghana 47 65 88 52 55 62 44 4 72 60 61 59 87 93
Greece 159 - - - - - - - 70 85 95 90 - -
Grenada 109 - - - - - - 100 - 95 95 92 80 -
Guatemala 74 77 76 78 83 95 74 100 87 83 83 74 38 22
Guinea 13 46 69 36 31 54 19 - 69 53 53 56 45 31
Guinea-Bissau 7 43 32 67 46 - - 0 82 63 60 51 46 -
Guyana 57 91 96 85 88 90 85 100 94 88 89 82 71 -
Haiti 34 37 50 28 25 49 17 0 40 35 32 30 38 31
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 81 76 - 62 74 - 57 100 98 94 93 89 100 32
Hungary 149 - - - - - - - 100 100 100 100 - -
Iceland 181 - - - - - - - 98 98x 99 98 - -
India 45 81 85 79 29 70 14 100 96 90 91 81 80 67
Indonesia 68 75 91 66 59 77 49 100 100 91 90 92 78 97
Iran 96 90 98 82 81 86 74 100 99 97 97 96 76 37
Iraq 37 81 96 48 75 93 31 0 97 92 92 98 56 67
Ireland 163 - - - - - - - - - 63x - - -
Israel 171 - - - - - - - - 92 93 94 - -
Italy 171 - - - - - - - - 92 93 94 - -
Jamaica 149 86 - - 89 100 80 100 97 90 90 88 82 -
Japan 171 - - - - - - - 91x 100 98 94 - -
Jordan 118 98 - - 77 - - 100 24 96 96 90 40 41
Kazakhstan 84 93 99 84 99 100 98 37 99 97 100 92 - 31
Kenya 55 53 67 49 77 69 81 0 42 36 36 32 21 76
Kiribati 62 - 70 80 - 45 54 100 100 91 93 82 41 -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 81 - - - - - - 99 100 100 100 80 -
Korea, Rep. of 171 93 100 76 100 100 100 - 90 80 81 85 - -
Kuwait 146 - - - - 100x - 100 - 96 100 95 21 -
Kyrgyzstan 79 71 - - 94 - - - 99 95 95 85 - 98
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 44 - - 18 - - 0 58 60 69 67 32 32
Latvia 132 - - - - - - - 100 75 76 97 64 -
Lebanon 93 94 96 88 63 81 8 75 - 92 92 89 - 82
Lesotho 31 62 91 57 38 56 35 25 46 50 48 43 10 84
Liberia 6 46 79 13 30 56 4 0 38 26 25 28 35 94
Libya 115 97 97 97 98 99 94 - 99 96 96 92 45x 49
Liechtenstein 163 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 143 - - - - - - - 98 90 95 96 - -
Luxembourg 163 - - - - - - - 58 94 98 91 - -
Madagascar 25 26 68 12 40 68 30 10 64 46 45 39 35 23
Malawi 8 47 95 40 3 18 1 2 100 95 94 87 15 70
Malaysia 149 78 96 66 94 94 94 100 100 91 90 89 81 -
Maldives 64 60 98 50 44 98 26 6 99 97 97 96 96 -
Mali 5 66 87 55 6 12 3 65 76 74 52 56 32 29
Malta 154 - - - - - - - 96 84 92 51 - -
Marshall Islands 54 82 82 - - 88 57 100 94 78 71 52 15x -
Mauritania 16 74 88 59 32 44 19 0 69 28 28 20 63 51
Mauritius 123 98 95 100 100 100 100 100 84 87 87 84 78 -
Mexico 96 85 - - 72 - - 100 99 95 95 91 70 81
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 22 - - 39 - - 100 48 75 75 74 44 -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 55 98 18 50 90 8 36 99 97 98 99 - -
Monaco 181 - - - - - - - 90 99 99 98x - -
Mongolia 27 40 73 3 86 99 74 - 96 92 92 91 - -
Morocco 67 65 98 34 58 94 24 100 94 95 95 92 42 29
Mozambique 10 63 - - 54 - - 0 79 59 55 57 68 49
Myanmar 42 60 78 50 43 56 36 0 94 90 90 88 83 96
Namibia 62 83 100 71 62 93 20 100 65 65 65 58 78 100
Nauru 103 - - - - - - - 78 50 36 100 - -
Nepal 48 71 93 68 16 28 14 50 96 78 78 85 19 29
Netherlands 171 - - - - - - - - 95 95 96 - -
New Zealand 163 97 100 82 - - - - 20x 86 100 100 - -
Nicaragua 71 62 88 32 35 34 35 100 100 94 100 94 95 54
Niger 1 48 76 44 17 79 5 80 44 28 28 42 19 85
Nigeria 15 49 58 40 41 50 32 100 29 21 25 38 23 86
Niue - 100 - - 100 100 100 25 100 100 100 100 40 -
Norway 188 - - - - - - - - 92x 92x 93x - -
Oman 138 85 - - 78 90 57 100 96 99 99 98 98 61
Pakistan 33 79 89 73 56 93 39 100 90 74 74 74 57 97
Palau 98 88 - - 98 - - - 0 91 90 83 55 -
Panama 132 93 - - 83 - - 100 99 95 99 92 24 94
Papua New Guinea 43 32 78 23 83 93 80 90 68 45 35 41 64 -
Paraguay 99 60 - - 41 65 14 90 87 82 82 61 32 33
Peru 72 67 84 33 72 89 37 90 98 98 97 94 57 55
Philippines 88 84 93 80 75 89 63 100 82 70 67 72 46 87
Poland 149 - - - - - - - 94 95 95 91 - -
Portugal 159 - - - - - - - 91 95 99 94 - -
Qatar 132 - 100 - 97 100 85 - 99 92 92 87 - 71
Romania 114 - - - - - - 100 100 97 97 97 - -
Russian Federation 115 - - - - - - 100 99 96 98 91 - -
Rwanda 21 - - 79 - - 85 - 79 77 77 66 43 47
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 99 100 100 97 - -
Saint Lucia 109 85 - - - - - 100 100 98 98 95 - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 89 100 85 98 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 - -
Samoa 76 68 - - - 100 95 30 99 99 99 99 96 -
San Marino 171 - - - - - - - 97x 98x 100x 96x - -
Sao Tome and Principe 59 82 - - 35 - - - 70 73 73 60 65 74
Saudi Arabia 112 95x 100x 74x 86x 100x 30x - 99 92 92 87 60 58
Senegal 36 63 90 44 39 71 15 100 80 65 65 65 34 39
Seychelles 138 - - - - - - 43 100 98 98 100 100 -
Sierra Leone 2 34 58 21 11 17 8 3 38 26 28 26 11 -
Singapore 188 100x 100x - - - - - 98 93 94 89 - -
Slovakia 149 - - - - - - - 90 98 98 98 - -
Slovenia 171 - - - - - - - 98 91 98x 92 - -
Solomon Islands 112 - 80 62 - 60 9 60 73 72 70 68 63 -
Somalia 9 26 - - - - - 0 37 19 19 25 30 -
South Africa 69 87 99 70 87 92 80 100 95 73 73 76 26 -
Spain 181 - - - - - - - - 88 90 90x - -
Sri Lanka 136 57 88 52 63 68 62 100 96 97 98 94 89 34
Sudan 41 73 - - 51 - - 13 79 75 75 71 46 31
Suriname 103 - - - - - 43 100 - 85 81 78 99x -
Swaziland 52 50 - - 59 - - - 85 82 81 82 85 99
Sweden 188 - - - - - - - 12 99 99 96 - -
Switzerland 181 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Syria 99 86 95 77 67 96 31 100 100 95 95 93 92 27
Tajikistan 61 60 82 49 - 46 - - 99 95 92 95 - -
Tanzania 30 66 92 58 86 98 83 0 82 74 73 69 27 50
TFYR Macedonia 123 - - - - - - 14 97 97 97 98 91x -
Thailand 92 81 88 73 96 97 94 100 98 94 94 91 88 95
Togo 35 55 82 41 41 76 22 0 53 33 33 38 65 94
Tonga 123 95 - - 95 - - 50 100 95 95 97 92 -
Trinidad and Tobago 141 97 99 91 79 99 98 100 - 90 91 88 19x -
Tunisia 99 98 100 95 80 96 52 100 93 96 96 92 80 41
Turkey 81 49 66 25 80 95 56 100 73 79 79 76 32 100
Turkmenistan 59 74 - - 91 - - 16 97 98 99 100 - 98
Tuvalu 72 100 - - 78 - - 70 100 77 78 100 53 -
Uganda 31 46 77 41 57 75 55 35 84 58 59 60 45 49
Ukraine 118 - - - - - - - 95 96 97 97 - -
United Arab Emirates 154 97 - - 92 - - 90 98 94 94 35 - 42
United Kingdom 163 - - - - - - - 99 95 96 95 - -
United States 159 - - - - - - - - 94x 84x 89x - -
Uruguay 127 - 95 - - 98 - 100 99 88 88 80 13x -
Uzbekistan 70 90 99 88 100 100 99 33 97 96 97 88 - 37
Vanuatu 77 77 96 67 28 72 18 100 60 66 62 59 15 -
Venezuela 115 79 80 75 58 64 30 100 89 60 76 68 72 -
Viet Nam 86 43 47 42 21 43 15 58 96 95 95 96 84 -
Yemen 49 61 88 55 24 47 17 42 54 40 46 43 17 92
Yugoslavia 127 76 98 57 69 92 49 100 87 94 95 94 - 99
Zambia 12 38 84 10 71 94 57 10 81 70 70 69 37 57
Zimbabwe 58 79 99 69 52 96 32 100 82 78 79 73 70 60
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 50 75 39 44 66 34 48 66 51 52 52 39 72
Middle East and North Africa 83 97 70 75 92 60 77 91 88 88 86 59 59
South Asia 80 86 78 33 74 20 89 94 84 85 78 74 69
East Asia and Pacific 68 95 57 36 77 19 92 95 92 93 93 36 87
Latin America and Caribbean 77 87 42 71 81 44 96 96 82 87 89 57 58
CEE/CIS and Baltic States - - - - - - - 92 91 92 89 - -
Industrialized countries - - - - - - - - 90 89 90 - -
Developing countries 71 89 62 44 78 25 82 88 80 81 79 52 73
Least developed countries 56 82 50 36 66 28 19 79 62 62 60 48 64
World 72 90 62 44 78 25 82 89 81 82 80 52 73
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Government funding of vaccines -- Percentage of vaccines
routinely administered in a country to protect children
against TB, DPT, measles and polio that are financed by the
national government.
EPI -- Extended Programme on Immunization: The immunizations
in this programme include those against TB, DPT, polio and
measles, as well as protecting babies against neonatal
tetanus by vaccination of pregnant women. Other vaccines
(e.g. against hepatitis B or yellow fever) may be included
in the programme in some countries.
DPT -- Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus.
ORT use -- Percentage of all cases of diarrhoea in children
under five years of age treated with oral rehydration salts
and/or recommended home fluids.
Main data sources
Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
facilities -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World Health Organization
(WHO) and UNICEF.
Government funding of vaccines -- UNICEF.
Immunization -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS),
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World Health
Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.
ORT use -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World Health Organization
(WHO) and UNICEF.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Table 4: Education
No. of sets Net primary % of primary Secondary school
Adult literacy rate per 1000 Primary school enrolment ratio school school enrolment ratio
population attendance (%) entrants 1990-96
Under-5 1980 1995 1995 1990-96 (gross) 1993-95 (net) (1993-97) reaching (gross)
mortality ********************** ********************** ************************* ******************** ******************** ********************* grade 5 **********************
rank male female male female radio television male female male female male female 1990-95 male female
Afghanistan 4 33 6 47 15 122 10 64 32 42 15 36 11 43x 32 11
Albania 89 - - - - 207 103 100 102 95 97 - - 82 35 35
Algeria 90 55 24 74 49 238 89 112 100 99 91 95 90 95 66 59
Andorra 171 - - - - 212 368 - - - - - - - - -
Angola 3 16x 7x 56x 29x 34 7 95 88 - - - - 34 - -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - - - - 439 424 - - - - - - - - -
Argentina 118 94 94 96 96 676 219 114 113 95x 95x - - - 73 81
Armenia 103 - - 100 99 5 224 86 90 - - - - - 85 91
Australia 171 - - - - 1304 495 108 108 98 98 - - 99 147 146
Austria 181 - - - - 620 497 101 101 100 100 - - 99 107 102
Azerbaijan 81 - - 100 99 20 33 100 108 - - - - - 76 80
Bahamas 127 98 96 99 98 735 229 95 94 92x 96x - - 78 88 91
Bahrain 126 80 60 89 79 575 467 107 109 99 100 - - 94 95 99
Bangladesh 44 41 17 49 26 47 6 74 64 66x 58x 75 76 47 28 14
Barbados 148 97 94 98 97 900 284 90 91 78x 78x - - - 90x 80x
Belarus 138 - - 100 99 285 227 98 95 97 94 - - 100 92 96
Belgium 163 99x 99x - - 790 454 103 102 98 98 - - - 140 148
Belize 86 - - 70x 70x 587 178 124 118 100 98 - - 70 47 52
Benin 23 28 10 49 26 92 6 92 52 74 43 52 34 61 23 10
Bhutan 39 41 15 56 28 17 6 31x 19x - - - - 82 7x 2x
Bolivia 51 81 59 91 76 672 115 99 90 95x 87x 90x 89x 60 40 34
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 - - - - 235 - - - - - - - - - -
Botswana 78 70 43 81 60 131 19 114 117 94 99 - - 89 54 58
Brazil 84 76 73 83 83 399 220 100x 96x - - 93x 94x 71 31x 36x
Brunei Darussalam 154 86 68 93 83 273 239 113 107 91 91 - - 95 75 81
Bulgaria 136 - - 99 98 471 378 98 96 98 96 - - 95 78 77
Burkina Faso 22 19 4 30 9 28 6 46 30 37 24 38 28 79 11 6
Burundi 17 37 12 49 23 68 2 77 63 56x 48x - - 74 8 5
Cambodia 23 74x 23x 80x 53x 112 9 134 109 - - - - 50 34 20
Cameroon 50 59 30 75 52 152 24 93 84 81x 71x 69x 60x 60 32 22
Canada 163 - - - - 1053 714 103 101 96 94 - - 99 106 105
Cape Verde 65 64 38 81 64 179 4 132 129 100 100 - - 60x 28 26
Central African Rep. 19 41 19 69 52 75 5 71 46 65x 43x 70 55 24 15 6
Chad 14 47 19 62 35 248 1 74 36 52x 23x - - 28 15 4
Chile 146 92 91 95 95 348 215 100 98 87 85 - - 92 66 73
China 80 79 53 90 73 185 205 121 120 99 98 95 94 92 73 66
Colombia 103 87 87 91 91 564 117 115 114 - - 90 91 58 62 72
Comoros 53 56 40 64 50 137 1 85 71 58 48 45x 42x 78 21 17
Congo 45 65 40 83 67 116 8 119 109 99x 93x - - 54 62 45
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 75 45 87 68 98 2 86 59 71 50 59 53 64 32 19
Cook Islands 103 - - - 99x 705 184 - - - - - - - - -
Costa Rica 144 92 91 95 95 263 143 107 106 86x 87x - - 89 48 52
Cote d'Ivoire 27 34 14 50 30 153 62 79 58 - - 59x 46x 73 30 15
Croatia 157 - - 98 97 266 255 87 86 83 82 - - 98 81 83
Cuba 159 91 87 96 95 351 228 107 103 99 99 - - 94 78 82
Cyprus 157 - - 98x 91x 309 322 100 100 96 96 - - 100 96 99
Czech Rep. 163 - - - - 638 482 103 102 98 98 - - 100 94 97
Denmark 171 - - - - 1034 574 98 99 98 99 - - 100 116 120
Djibouti 26 45 18 60 33 80 43 44 33 37 28 73x 62x 94 15 11
Dominica 132 - - - - 634 70 - - - - - - 84 - -
Dominican Rep. 75 75 74 82 82 176 93 103 104 79 83 91x 93x 58 34 47
Ecuador 90 86 79 92 88 332 96 109 108 91 92 - - 77 50 50
Egypt 65 54 26 64 39 312 110 107 93 95 82 83 72 98 80 68
El Salvador 95 66 60 74 70 459 689 88 89 78 80 - - 58 30 34
Equatorial Guinea 20 77 45 90 68 425 10 - - - - - - - - -
Eritrea 40 - - - - 98 0 63 51 33 30 39x 35x 79 22 16
Estonia 144 - - 98 98 491 383 110 108 93 94 - - 100 82 90
Ethiopia 18 32 14 46 25 193 4 39 24 28 19 - - 51 12 10
Fiji 118 87 79 94 89 612 18 128 127 99x 100x - - 87 64 65
Finland 188 - - - - 1008 519 100 100 99 99 - - 100 108 124
France 181 99x 98x - - 895 589 107 105 99 99 - - 99 112 111
Gabon 29 54 28 74 53 181 47 - - - - 87 86 50x - -
Gambia 55 37 13 53 25 164 3 78 67 64x 46x 51 43 87 28 15
Georgia 109 - - 100 99 551 468 81 82 81 82 - - 98 74 72
Germany 181 - - - - 944 564 102 101 100 100 - - 100 104 102
Ghana 47 59 31 76 54 231 92 83 70 - - 70 69 80 45 29
Greece 159 93x 76x 98 95 430 220 98 98 91 91 - - 100 99 90
Grenada 109 - - - - 598 348 - - - - - - - - -
Guatemala 74 56 41 63 49 71 56 90 78 - - 61x 55x - 25 23
Guinea 13 34 11 50 22 44 9 63 34 36x 18x 39 26 80 18 6
Guinea-Bissau 7 53 26 68 43 42 - 81 47 58x 32x - - 20x 11x 4x
Guyana 57 96 93 99 98 494 48 95 93 90 89 - - 93 68 85
Haiti 34 36 29 48 42 53 5 58 54 25x 26x 68x 69x 47 23 22
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 81 64 61 73 73 409 88 110 112 89 91 - - 60 29 37
Hungary 149 98x 98x 99 99 643 433 97 97 92 94 - - 98 79 83
Iceland 181 - - - - 799 353 99 95 - - - - - 104 102
India 45 55 25 66 38 81 51 110 90 - - 75x 61x 62 59 38
Indonesia 68 78 58 90 78 149 66 117 112 99 95 91 92 90 52 44
Iran 96 61 37 78 59 228 63 103 96 85x 72x 99 93 90 76 62
Iraq 37 55 25 71 45 224 80 97 83 83x 74x 88 80 72 53 34
Ireland 163 - - - - 649 409 104 103 100 100 - - 100 111 117
Israel 171 93x 83x 98 94 489 290 96 96 - - - - 100 84 89
Italy 171 95x 92x 99 98 822 446 99 97 - - - - 100 87 88
Jamaica 149 73 81 81 89 438 162 110 109 100x 100x - - 96 62 70
Japan 171 100x 99x - - 916 684 102 102 100 100 - - 100 98 100
Jordan 118 82 54 93 79 251 80 94 95 89x 89x 97x 97x 98 63x 62x
Kazakhstan 84 - - 100 99 384 256 96 96 - - - - - 82 83
Kenya 55 72 44 86 70 96 18 85 85 92x 89x 85x 83x 68 26 22
Kiribati 62 - - - 92x 212 9 - - - - - - 90 - -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 - - - - 136 48 108x 101x - - - - - - -
Korea, Rep. of 171 97 90 99 97 1024 334 100 101 93 94 - - 100 101 101
Kuwait 146 73 59 82 75 473 370 73 72 65 65 - - 99 64 64
Kyrgyzstan 79 - - 99 95 114 34 108 105 99 95 86x 87x 92 76 85
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 56 28 69 44 129 9 123 91 75 61 70 67 53 31 19
Latvia 132 - - 100 100 678 477 91 86 86 82 - - 96 83 87
Lebanon 93 91 82 95 90 891 366 111 108 - - - - - 77 84
Lesotho 31 71 45 81 62 37 12 92 105 60 71 71x 79x 79 22 34
Liberia 6 38 11 54 22 318 26 51x 28x - - 59x 53x - - -
Libya 115 73 31 88 63 231 102 110 110 98x 96x - - - 95 95
Liechtenstein 163 - - 100x 100x 665 339 - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 143 - - 100 99 401 415 97 95 - - - - 98 83 86
Luxembourg 163 - - - - 639 381 88 94 80x 82x - - - 72 76
Madagascar 25 56x 43x 60 32 192 20 73 70 64x 63x 62x 61x 28 14 14
Malawi 8 64 28 72 42 256 - 142 128 100 100 83 83 94 7 4
Malaysia 149 80 60 89 78 432 164 92 92 91 92 - - 94 56 61
Maldives 64 91 89 93 93 118 26 136 132 - - - - 93 49 49
Mali 5 20 9 39 23 46 2 41 27 30 19 45 36 72 12 6
Malta 154 - - 91 92 545 749 111 105 100 99 - - 97 93 86
Marshall Islands 54 - - - 90x - - - - - - - - - - -
Mauritania 16 41 19 50 26 150 25 85 72 64 55 55 53 63 19 11
Mauritius 123 82 67 87 79 367 222 107 106 96 96 - - 99 60 64
Mexico 96 86 80 92 87 263 219 116 113 - - - - 84 58 59
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 - - - 79x - - - - - - - - - - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 - - 98 99 699 273 95 93 - - - - 93 78 81
Monaco 181 - - - - 1019 750 - - - - - - 98 - -
Mongolia 27 82 63 89 77 134 45 87 90 78 81 - - - 50 68
Morocco 67 42 16 57 31 226 94 94 71 81 62 61x 45x 78 44 33
Mozambique 10 44 12 58 23 38 4 70 50 45 35 54x 50x 47 9 5
Myanmar 42 86 68 89 78 89 5 105 102 - - 85 85 - 29 30
Namibia 62 - - 78x 74x 140 25 132 134 86x 93x 74x 79x 82 57 67
Nauru 103 - - - - 580 - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 48 31 7 41 14 36 5 129 89 80x 41x 80 60 52 49 25
Netherlands 171 - - - - 937 497 108 106 99 99 - - - 143 136
New Zealand 163 - - - - 997 514 105 104 100 100 - - 96 118 116
Nicaragua 71 61 61 65 67 280 73 109 112 82 85 - - 54 43 50
Niger 1 14 3 21 7 68 11 36 22 32x 18x 34x 19x 77 9 4
Nigeria 15 47 23 67 47 197 55 100 79 - - 60 58 80 33 28
Niue - - - - 99x 564 - - - - - - - - - -
Norway 188 - - - - 808 433 99 99 99 99 - - 100 119 113
Oman 138 - - 71x 46x 580 657 82 78 72 70 - - 96 68 64
Pakistan 33 38 15 50 24 92 20 101 45 - - 71 62 48 33 17
Palau 98 - - - 97x - - - - - - - - - - -
Panama 132 86 85 91 90 228 175 108 104 91x 92x - - 82 60 65
Papua New Guinea 43 70 45 81 63 77 4 87 74 79x 67x 32x 31x 59 17 11
Paraguay 99 90 84 94 91 180 93 110 107 89 89 93x 93x 71 38 39
Peru 72 89 71 95 83 259 106 125 121 91 90 87x 87x - 72 67
Philippines 88 91 89 95 94 147 49 110 112 97x 96x 89 91 70 64x 65x
Poland 149 99x 97x - - 454 311 99 98 97 96 - - 98 95 96
Portugal 159 78x 65x 92 87 245 326 131 124 100 100 - - - 98 106
Qatar 132 72 65 79 80 438 401 88 84 81 80 - - 95 82 82
Romania 114 98x 93x 99 97 211 220 101 99 92 92 - - 99 77 78
Russian Federation 115 - - 100 99 340 377 108 107 100 100 - - - 84 91
Rwanda 21 55 30 70 52 101 - 83 81 76x 76x 61x 61x 60 12 9
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 - - - - 668 244 - - - - - - - - -
Saint Lucia 109 - - - - 765 211 - - - - - - 95 - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 - - - - 670 158 - - - - - - - - -
Samoa 76 - - - 98x 485 41 117 115 100 99 - - - 44 50
San Marino 171 - - - - 600 360 - - - - - - 100 - -
Sao Tome and Principe 59 - - - - 271 162 - - - - - - - - -
Saudi Arabia 112 60 32 72 50 291 257 79 76 63 61 - - 94 62 54
Senegal 36 31 12 43 23 120 38 76 62 60 48 48 42 81 20 12
Seychelles 138 - - 83x 86x 548 137 - - - - - - 97 - -
Sierra Leone 2 30 9 45 18 250 12 59 41 - - - - - 22 13
Singapore 188 92 74 96 86 601 361 110x 106x 100x 100x - - 100 58x 60x
Slovakia 149 - - - - 570 476 100 100 - - - - 97 89 93
Slovenia 171 - - 100x 99x 384 327 103 103 100 99 - - 98 90 92
Solomon Islands 112 - - - 56x 122 6 104 90 - - - - 81 21 14
Somalia 9 8x 1x 36x 14x 42 13 15x 8x 11x 6x 21x 13x - - -
South Africa 69 77 75 82 82 316 109 118 116 95 96 - - 65 77 92
Spain 181 94x 86x 98 96 314 404 105 105 100 100 - - 98 112 123
Sri Lanka 136 91 80 93 87 206 51 114 112 - - - - 98 71 78
Sudan 41 43 17 58 35 270 84 59 48 - - 59x 52x 94 14 12
Suriname 103 92 84 95 91 679 141 129x 125x - - - - 99 50x 58x
Swaziland 52 64 57 78 76 163 21 125 119 95 96 - - 78 53 51
Sweden 188 - - - - 882 478 104 105 100 100 - - 98 130 133
Switzerland 181 - - - - 851 419 108 107 100 100 - - 100 94 88
Syria 99 72 34 86 56 264 67 106 95 95 87 98 95 91 47 40
Tajikistan 61 - - 100 100 - - 91 88 - - - - - 86 77
Tanzania 30 66 34 79 57 276 2 68 66 47 48 61x 68x 83 6 5
TFYR Macedonia 123 - - - - 183 167 90 87 86 84 - - 99 56 57
Thailand 92 92 84 96 92 189 189 99 96 - - - - 88 38 37
Togo 35 49 18 67 37 215 12 147 118 98 72 - - 71 41 14
Tonga 123 - - - 99x 571 16 - - - - - - 92 - -
Trinidad and Tobago 141 97 93 99 97 505 322 91 102 83 94 - - 95 66 79
Tunisia 99 61 32 79 55 200 89 119 112 98 95 - - 92 63 59
Turkey 81 81 50 92 72 164 189 107 102 98 94 74 71 89 67 45
Turkmenistan 59 - - 99x 97x 81 180 - - - - 81x 80x - - -
Tuvalu 72 - - - - 320 - - - - - - - 96 - -
Uganda 31 62 32 74 50 117 13 79 67 58x 51x 65x 63x 55 15 9
Ukraine 118 - - 98 99 856 339 87 86 - - - - - 88 94
United Arab Emirates 154 72 64 79 80 271 104 97 93 84 82 - - 98 74 81
United Kingdom 163 - - - - 1433 448 114 115 100 100 - - - 123 145
United States 159 99x 99 - - 2093 805 103 102 96 97 - - 99 97 98
Uruguay 127 94 95 97 98 609 235 112 110 95 95 - - 94 74 89
Uzbekistan 70 - - 100 100 81 191 78 76 - - - - - 99 87
Vanuatu 77 - - - 60x 296 13 105 107 76x 72x - - 61 23 18
Venezuela 115 86 82 92 90 458 169 93 96 87x 90x - - 78 29 41
Viet Nam 86 90 78 97 91 106 43 111x 106x - - - - - 44x 41x
Yemen 49 14x 3 53x 26x 43 28 113 45 - - 73x 39x - 36 8
Yugoslavia 127 - - 99 97 141 190 71 72 69x 70x - - 100 64 67
Zambia 12 65 43 86 71 99 32 92 86 76 75 74 74 84 34 21
Zimbabwe 58 83 68 90 80 89 29 117 114 - - 91 90 76 49 39
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 51 30 66 47 164 31 82 67 60 51 61 57 67 28 23
Middle East and North Africa 55 27 70 47 256 103 99 85 88 77 85 76 91 62 51
South Asia 52 24 63 36 81 42 105 80 - - 74 62 59 52 33
East Asia and Pacific 80 58 91 76 197 169 117 115 98 97 94 93 90 65 59
Latin America and Caribbean 82 77 88 85 383 190 106 103 87 87 89 90 74 47 51
CEE/CIS and Baltic States - - 98 95 370 303 99 97 97 96 - - - 82 81
Industrialized countries 98 96 - - 1288 625 104 103 98 98 - - 99 104 107
Developing countries 68 46 79 62 184 115 105 93 86 81 81 75 75 54 45
Least developed countries 47 24 59 38 113 11 76 60 56 44 64 59 58 23 14
World 74 56 81 66 358 202 104 94 88 84 81 75 78 61 53
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Adult literacy rate -- Percentage of persons aged 15 and
over who can read and write.
Gross primary or secondary school enrolment ratio -- The
number of children enrolled in a level (primary or
secondary), regardless of age, divided by the population of
the age group which officially corresponds to the same
level.
Net primary school attendance ratio -- The number of children
enrolled in primary school, who belong to the age group that
officially corresponds to primary schooling, divided by the
total population of the same age group.
Net primary school attendance -- Percentage of children in
the age group that officially corresponds to primary
schooling who attend primary school. These data come from
national household surveys. While both the attendance and
enrolment data should report on children going to primary
school, the number of children of primary school age is
uncertain for many countries, and this can lead to
significant biases in the enrolment ratio.
Primary school entrants reaching grade five -- Percentage of
the children entering the first grade of primary school who
eventually reach grade five.
Main data sources
Adult literacy -- United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Radio and television -- United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Primary and secondary school enrolment -- United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Net primary school attendance -- Demographic and Health
Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).
Gross school enrolment and reaching grade five -- United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Table 5: Demographic indicators
Average
Population Population annual
(thousands) annual growth rate
1997 growth rate Crude Crude Life Total % of of urban
Under-5 ******************** (%) death rate birth rate expectancy fertility population population (%)
mortality under under ********************** ******************* ******************* ******************* rate urbanized **********************
rank 18 5 1970-90 1990-97 1970 1997 1970 1997 1970 1997 1997 1997 1970-90 1990-97
Afghanistan 4 10240 4055 0.4 5.8 27 21 52 53 37 45 6.9 21 2.9 7.6
Albania 89 1242 358 2.2 0.6 8 6 33 22 67 71 2.6 38 2.7 1.5
Algeria 90 13284 3964 3.0 2.4 16 6 49 29 53 69 3.9 57 4.3 3.8
Andorra 171 15 4 5.3 5.0 - - - - - - - 95 5.0 5.1
Angola 3 6259 2250 2.5 3.2 27 19 49 48 37 47 6.7 32 5.6 5.6
Antigua and Barbuda 127 24 7 0.6 0.7 - 5 26 17 67 75 1.7 36 1.0 0.6
Argentina 118 12155 3454 1.5 1.3 9 8 23 20 67 73 2.6 89 2.0 1.7
Armenia 103 1191 267 1.7 0.4 6 7 24 14 72 71 1.7 69 2.3 0.7
Australia 171 4633 1316 1.5 1.1 9 7 20 14 71 78 1.9 85 1.5 1.0
Austria 181 1728 457 0.2 0.8 13 10 15 10 70 77 1.4 64 0.1 0.8
Azerbaijan 81 2820 767 1.6 1.0 7 7 29 20 68 71 2.3 56 2.1 1.4
Bahamas 127 96 24 2.0 1.7 7 5 27 18 66 74 2.0 87 2.8 2.3
Bahrain 126 210 64 4.0 2.5 9 4 40 21 62 73 3.0 91 4.5 3.0
Bangladesh 44 57167 13552 2.5 1.5 21 10 48 27 44 58 3.2 20 6.1 4.7
Barbados 148 72 19 0.4 0.3 9 9 22 14 69 76 1.7 48 1.3 1.4
Belarus 138 2606 557 0.6 0.1 9 12 17 10 71 70 1.4 72 2.7 1.2
Belgium 163 2161 588 0.2 0.3 12 11 15 11 71 77 1.6 97 0.3 0.4
Belize 86 108 34 2.1 2.6 8 4 40 32 66 75 3.7 46 1.7 2.2
Benin 23 3126 1039 2.7 2.9 25 13 53 42 43 55 5.9 40 6.4 5.0
Bhutan 39 914 316 2.3 1.8 23 14 43 41 40 53 5.9 7 4.9 5.2
Bolivia 51 3625 1175 2.2 2.4 20 9 45 33 46 61 4.4 62 3.8 4.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 952 207 0.9 -1.9 7 7 23 11 66 73 1.4 43 2.8 -0.6
Botswana 78 758 240 3.5 2.5 15 13 50 35 52 51 4.5 66 11.4 9.1
Brazil 84 59851 15491 2.2 1.4 10 7 35 20 59 67 2.2 80 3.6 2.3
Brunei Darussalam 154 119 35 3.4 2.5 7 3 36 22 67 75 2.7 70 3.7 3.5
Bulgaria 136 1860 427 0.1 -0.5 9 13 16 10 71 71 1.5 69 1.4 0.0
Burkina Faso 22 5985 2101 2.6 2.8 25 18 53 46 40 46 6.6 17 6.9 6.1
Burundi 17 3373 1145 2.2 2.2 20 17 44 43 44 47 6.3 8 7.0 6.0
Cambodia 23 4974 1571 1.1 2.7 21 12 42 34 43 54 4.5 22 3.1 5.8
Cameroon 50 7053 2377 2.8 2.8 21 12 45 39 44 56 5.3 47 6.2 4.9
Canada 163 7186 1952 1.3 1.1 7 7 17 12 73 79 1.6 77 1.4 1.1
Cape Verde 65 193 60 1.2 2.5 12 7 41 32 57 67 3.6 58 5.3 6.4
Central African Rep. 19 1657 545 2.3 2.2 22 16 43 38 42 49 5.0 40 3.4 3.1
Chad 14 3327 1151 2.1 2.7 26 17 45 42 38 48 5.5 23 5.0 3.9
Chile 146 5005 1461 1.6 1.6 10 6 30 20 62 75 2.5 84 2.1 1.7
China 80 378704 100050 1.6 1.1 9 7 33 16 61 70 1.8 32 3.7 3.9
Colombia 103 14744 4293 2.1 1.8 9 6 37 24 61 71 2.7 74 3.1 2.5
Comoros 53 345 115 3.2 3.1 19 10 50 41 47 57 5.6 32 5.1 4.9
Congo 45 1433 500 2.8 3.0 20 15 46 43 46 51 5.9 60 5.3 4.7
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 25934 9270 3.1 3.6 20 14 48 45 45 53 6.3 29 2.7 4.3
Cook Islands 103 8 2 -0.8 1.5 - - - - - - - 60 0.0 1.2
Costa Rica 144 1441 423 2.8 2.3 7 4 35 24 67 77 3.0 50 3.6 3.3
Cote d'Ivoire 27 7307 2268 3.8 2.9 20 14 52 37 44 51 5.2 45 5.7 4.3
Croatia 157 1018 243 0.4 -0.1 10 12 15 11 69 72 1.6 57 1.9 0.6
Cuba 159 2862 760 1.1 0.6 7 7 29 13 70 76 1.6 77 2.1 1.2
Cyprus 157 228 63 0.5 1.7 10 8 20 16 71 78 2.3 55 1.7 2.7
Czech Rep. 163 2342 580 0.2 -0.1 13 12 16 11 70 73 1.4 66 1.4 0.1
Denmark 171 1116 343 0.2 0.3 10 12 16 13 73 76 1.8 85 0.5 0.4
Djibouti 26 298 99 6.3 2.9 23 15 48 39 40 50 5.4 83 7.5 3.4
Dominica 132 25 7 0.1 0.0 11 8 26 19 - 74 2.3 69 1.9 0.3
Dominican Rep. 75 3275 951 2.4 1.9 11 5 42 24 58 71 2.8 63 4.2 3.0
Ecuador 90 5006 1460 2.7 2.2 12 6 42 26 58 70 3.1 60 4.4 3.5
Egypt 65 28017 7817 2.3 1.9 17 7 40 26 51 66 3.4 45 2.5 2.3
El Salvador 95 2579 781 1.7 2.3 12 6 44 28 57 69 3.1 46 2.2 2.9
Equatorial Guinea 20 208 72 1.0 2.5 25 16 42 41 40 50 5.5 45 2.4 5.8
Eritrea 40 1713 584 2.3 2.4 21 15 47 40 43 51 5.4 18 4.0 4.2
Estonia 144 347 69 0.7 -1.1 11 13 15 9 70 69 1.3 74 1.2 -0.7
Ethiopia 18 31741 11663 2.6 3.2 24 16 50 48 40 50 7.0 16 4.8 6.1
Fiji 118 325 88 1.7 1.5 7 5 35 23 64 72 2.8 41 2.3 2.3
Finland 188 1166 322 0.4 0.4 10 10 15 12 70 77 1.8 64 1.4 1.0
France 181 13414 3517 0.6 0.5 11 9 17 12 72 79 1.6 75 0.8 0.6
Gabon 29 505 175 3.1 2.8 21 14 32 37 44 55 5.4 52 6.0 5.1
Gambia 55 549 192 3.4 3.4 28 18 49 40 36 47 5.2 30 6.1 5.8
Georgia 109 1510 392 0.7 -0.1 10 9 19 14 68 73 1.9 59 1.6 0.7
Germany 181 15826 3939 0.1 0.5 12 11 14 9 71 77 1.3 87 0.4 0.7
Ghana 47 9340 3046 2.8 2.9 17 11 46 38 49 58 5.3 37 3.6 4.1
Greece 159 2125 517 0.8 0.4 8 10 17 10 72 78 1.4 60 1.3 0.6
Grenada 109 33 10 -0.2 0.3 - 8 - 21 - - - 37 0.2 1.3
Guatemala 74 5691 1859 2.8 2.9 15 7 45 37 52 67 4.9 40 3.1 3.5
Guinea 13 4080 1473 1.9 4.0 28 19 52 48 37 46 6.6 30 5.0 6.4
Guinea-Bissau 7 534 183 3.0 2.0 27 21 41 41 36 44 5.5 23 4.5 3.8
Guyana 57 315 91 0.6 0.9 11 7 38 22 60 64 2.3 37 1.2 2.3
Haiti 34 3452 1106 1.8 1.9 19 13 39 34 47 54 4.6 33 3.7 3.9
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 - -
Honduras 81 2983 950 3.2 2.9 15 5 48 34 53 70 4.4 45 4.9 4.4
Hungary 149 2189 543 0.0 -0.5 11 15 15 10 69 69 1.4 65 1.2 0.2
Iceland 181 78 23 1.1 1.0 7 7 22 17 74 79 2.2 92 1.4 1.2
India 45 385784 111294 2.1 1.7 17 9 39 25 49 62 3.1 27 3.4 2.8
Indonesia 68 77903 22016 2.1 1.5 18 8 40 23 48 65 2.7 37 5.0 4.4
Iran 96 36399 11413 3.7 2.7 16 6 45 34 55 69 4.8 60 5.1 3.6
Iraq 37 10342 3231 3.3 2.3 16 9 48 37 55 62 5.3 76 4.5 3.1
Ireland 163 1015 237 0.9 0.2 11 9 22 13 71 77 1.8 58 1.3 0.5
Israel 171 1973 575 2.2 3.1 7 6 26 20 71 78 2.8 90 2.6 3.1
Italy 171 10312 2663 0.3 0.1 10 10 17 9 72 78 1.2 67 0.5 0.1
Jamaica 149 923 279 1.2 0.9 8 6 35 22 67 75 2.5 55 2.3 1.8
Japan 171 24335 6239 0.8 0.2 7 8 19 10 72 80 1.5 78 1.3 0.4
Jordan 118 2876 989 3.1 4.3 18 5 51 38 54 70 5.2 72 4.6 5.2
Kazakhstan 84 5827 1489 1.2 0.1 9 8 26 18 64 68 2.3 61 1.9 0.8
Kenya 55 14914 4497 3.6 2.7 18 11 53 37 50 54 4.9 31 7.8 6.1
Kiribati 62 37 12 1.8 1.7 10 9 37 32 49 60 4.4 37 3.3 2.6
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 7125 2355 1.8 1.6 10 6 40 21 60 72 2.1 62 2.3 2.1
Korea, Rep. of 171 12533 3400 1.5 0.9 10 6 30 15 60 72 1.7 83 4.5 2.6
Kuwait 146 759 185 5.3 -3.1 6 2 47 22 66 76 2.8 100 6.3 -2.3
Kyrgyzstan 79 1898 553 2.0 0.3 11 7 31 26 62 68 3.2 39 2.1 0.7
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 2667 949 2.2 3.0 23 14 44 44 40 53 6.7 22 5.3 5.8
Latvia 132 594 126 0.6 -1.2 11 14 14 10 70 68 1.4 74 1.3 -0.7
Lebanon 93 1240 377 0.2 3.0 11 6 35 24 64 70 2.8 88 1.9 3.6
Lesotho 31 1031 332 2.6 2.5 20 11 43 36 48 59 4.9 26 6.8 6.1
Liberia 6 1224 404 3.1 -0.6 21 17 49 48 46 50 6.4 48 5.5 1.4
Libya 115 2988 1015 4.1 3.4 16 7 49 40 52 65 6.0 87 7.1 4.3
Liechtenstein 163 7 2 1.6 1.4 - - - - - - - 19 2.0 0.0
Lithuania 143 942 218 0.9 -0.1 9 12 17 11 71 70 1.5 73 2.5 0.8
Luxembourg 163 89 26 0.6 1.3 12 10 13 13 70 76 1.8 90 1.8 1.8
Madagascar 25 8428 2823 3.1 3.2 19 10 47 41 45 58 5.7 28 5.6 5.7
Malawi 8 5390 1897 3.6 1.1 25 22 56 48 40 41 6.7 14 7.0 4.0
Malaysia 149 9055 2660 2.5 2.3 10 5 37 26 61 72 3.3 55 4.5 3.8
Maldives 64 145 49 2.9 3.3 17 8 40 42 50 64 6.8 27 6.3 4.2
Mali 5 6182 2230 2.6 3.1 26 17 51 48 38 48 6.7 28 5.1 5.6
Malta 154 97 26 0.8 0.7 9 8 17 14 70 77 2.1 90 1.4 1.0
Marshall Islands 54 27 9 3.0 3.6 - 4 - 26 - - - 71 3.1 4.8
Mauritania 16 1179 388 2.5 2.5 22 13 45 38 43 53 5.1 54 8.3 5.7
Mauritius 123 376 111 1.2 1.1 7 7 29 19 62 71 2.3 41 1.0 1.2
Mexico 96 38677 11235 2.5 1.8 10 5 44 25 61 72 2.8 74 3.5 2.0
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 60 19 2.9 2.6 - 7 - 29 58 66 4.1 28 3.1 4.0
Moldova, Rep. of 102 1362 314 1.0 0.3 10 11 19 14 65 68 1.8 53 3.0 1.8
Monaco 181 7 2 1.1 0.9 - - - - - - - 100 1.1 1.4
Mongolia 27 1146 318 2.8 2.1 14 7 42 28 53 66 3.3 62 4.1 3.1
Morocco 67 11565 3367 2.3 1.9 17 7 47 26 52 66 3.2 53 3.9 3.4
Mozambique 10 9361 3250 2.1 3.6 22 18 46 43 42 47 6.1 36 9.8 8.1
Myanmar 42 19253 5737 2.1 1.8 17 10 40 27 49 60 3.3 27 2.5 2.9
Namibia 62 784 256 2.7 2.5 18 12 43 36 48 56 4.9 38 5.2 5.4
Nauru 103 5 2 2.6 1.4 - - - - - - - 100 2.6 1.4
Nepal 48 11142 3638 2.5 2.6 22 11 45 37 42 57 5.0 11 6.7 5.6
Netherlands 171 3410 968 0.7 0.7 8 9 17 12 74 78 1.6 89 0.8 0.7
New Zealand 163 996 289 0.9 1.1 9 8 22 16 72 77 2.0 86 1.1 1.4
Nicaragua 71 2164 671 2.8 2.8 14 6 48 34 54 68 3.9 63 3.9 3.7
Niger 1 5382 1988 3.1 3.4 26 17 58 50 38 48 7.1 19 6.3 5.9
Nigeria 15 61393 21437 2.8 3.0 21 14 46 43 43 52 6.0 42 5.6 5.4
Niue - 1 0 - - - - - - - - - 50 - -
Norway 188 1008 297 0.4 0.4 10 11 17 13 74 78 1.9 74 1.0 0.6
Oman 138 1290 466 4.5 4.2 21 4 50 44 47 71 7.2 80 13.0 7.8
Pakistan 33 70052 23084 3.0 2.7 19 8 48 36 49 64 5.1 36 4.2 4.3
Palau 98 8 2 2.0 1.8 - - - - - - - 71 3.0 1.2
Panama 132 1046 304 2.3 1.8 8 5 37 23 65 74 2.7 57 2.9 2.5
Papua New Guinea 43 2052 649 2.3 2.3 18 10 42 32 46 58 4.7 17 4.4 3.8
Paraguay 99 2411 750 2.9 2.7 9 5 37 32 66 70 4.2 54 4.3 4.2
Peru 72 10113 2901 2.5 1.7 14 6 42 25 54 68 3.0 72 3.4 2.3
Philippines 88 31331 9657 2.4 2.2 10 6 39 29 57 68 3.7 56 4.4 4.1
Poland 149 10370 2360 0.8 0.2 8 11 17 12 70 71 1.7 64 1.6 0.8
Portugal 159 2103 555 0.4 -0.1 11 11 20 11 67 75 1.5 37 1.7 1.2
Qatar 132 178 50 7.4 2.3 13 4 34 18 61 72 3.8 92 7.9 2.6
Romania 114 5505 1175 0.7 -0.4 9 12 20 11 69 70 1.4 57 1.9 0.5
Russian Federation 115 36309 7112 0.6 -0.1 9 14 15 10 69 65 1.4 77 1.5 0.4
Rwanda 21 3115 1025 3.1 -2.4 21 22 53 43 44 40 6.1 6 5.7 -0.2
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 14 4 -0.6 -0.3 11 11 26 20 - 70 2.4 34 -0.3 -1.0
Saint Lucia 109 51 15 1.4 1.3 - 6 41 24 62 70 2.6 38 1.0 1.4
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 40 12 1.0 0.9 - 6 - 21 63 73 2.2 51 6.0 4.3
Samoa 76 75 20 0.5 0.7 12 6 44 27 57 69 3.8 21 0.8 0.8
San Marino 171 5 1 1.2 1.8 - - - - - - - 96 3.2 2.5
Sao Tome and Principe 59 73 26 2.4 2.1 - 9 - 35 - 64 4.7 44 5.0 4.0
Saudi Arabia 112 9303 3068 5.1 2.8 18 4 48 34 52 71 5.9 85 7.5 3.8
Senegal 36 4459 1500 2.8 2.6 25 15 49 41 39 51 5.7 45 3.8 4.2
Seychelles 138 40 14 1.4 1.0 - 7 - 21 - 71 2.4 56 4.6 2.6
Sierra Leone 2 2230 785 2.0 1.5 30 26 49 47 34 37 6.1 35 4.7 3.7
Singapore 188 905 292 1.9 1.9 5 5 23 16 69 77 1.8 100 1.9 1.8
Slovakia 149 1435 336 0.7 0.3 10 11 19 12 70 71 1.5 60 2.3 1.0
Slovenia 171 414 91 0.7 0.0 10 11 17 10 70 73 1.3 52 2.2 0.4
Solomon Islands 112 204 67 3.4 3.3 10 4 46 36 60 71 5.0 18 6.1 6.3
Somalia 9 5533 2027 2.9 2.4 24 17 50 50 40 49 7.0 27 3.8 3.8
South Africa 69 18689 5854 2.5 2.2 14 8 39 30 53 65 3.8 50 2.6 2.5
Spain 181 7954 1927 0.8 0.2 9 9 20 10 72 78 1.2 77 1.4 0.4
Sri Lanka 136 6317 1585 1.5 1.0 8 6 30 18 65 73 2.1 23 1.4 1.9
Sudan 41 13173 4080 2.8 2.1 21 12 47 34 43 55 4.6 33 5.2 5.4
Suriname 103 174 49 0.4 1.3 8 6 37 22 63 71 2.4 50 0.5 2.2
Swaziland 52 448 147 2.9 2.8 19 9 48 37 46 60 4.5 33 7.8 6.1
Sweden 188 1975 570 0.3 0.5 10 11 14 12 74 78 1.8 83 0.4 0.5
Switzerland 181 1512 418 0.5 0.9 9 9 16 11 73 79 1.5 62 1.0 1.3
Syria 99 7579 2117 3.4 2.7 14 5 47 31 56 69 4.1 53 4.1 3.5
Tajikistan 61 2877 836 2.9 1.9 10 7 40 31 63 67 4.0 33 2.3 2.0
Tanzania 30 16490 5568 3.1 3.0 19 14 50 41 45 51 5.5 26 8.8 6.1
TFYR Macedonia 123 631 160 1.3 1.0 8 7 25 15 66 72 1.9 61 2.4 1.7
Thailand 92 19245 4781 2.2 0.9 10 7 38 17 58 69 1.8 21 3.9 2.3
Togo 35 2259 780 2.8 2.9 20 15 46 42 44 50 6.1 32 6.7 4.5
Tonga 123 41 12 0.8 0.4 - 6 - 31 - 72 4.0 42 3.5 3.0
Trinidad and Tobago 141 461 107 1.2 0.8 7 6 28 17 66 74 2.1 73 1.7 1.5
Tunisia 99 3759 1052 2.3 1.9 14 6 39 24 54 69 3.0 63 3.6 3.2
Turkey 81 22870 6450 2.3 1.6 13 7 37 22 56 69 2.5 72 4.6 3.9
Turkmenistan 59 1910 568 2.6 2.1 11 8 38 29 60 65 3.6 45 2.3 2.1
Tuvalu 72 4 1 2.0 1.5 - - - - - - - 40 6.9 0.0
Uganda 31 11566 4198 2.6 3.2 19 21 50 51 46 41 7.1 13 4.3 5.6
Ukraine 118 12131 2655 0.5 -0.1 9 14 15 10 71 69 1.4 71 1.5 0.6
United Arab Emirates 154 794 212 10.8 2.6 11 3 36 19 61 75 3.5 85 12.5 3.3
United Kingdom 163 13321 3618 0.2 0.2 12 11 16 12 72 77 1.7 89 0.2 0.2
United States 159 70739 19717 1.0 1.0 9 9 17 14 71 77 2.0 77 1.1 1.2
Uruguay 127 938 263 0.5 0.6 10 10 21 17 69 73 2.3 91 0.9 0.9
Uzbekistan 70 10741 3158 2.7 2.0 10 7 36 29 63 68 3.5 42 3.2 2.4
Vanuatu 77 88 27 2.7 2.5 14 6 46 33 53 67 4.4 19 4.5 3.3
Venezuela 115 9503 2777 3.0 2.2 7 5 38 25 65 73 3.0 86 3.8 2.6
Viet Nam 86 32519 9511 2.2 2.0 15 7 38 25 49 67 3.0 20 2.6 1.8
Yemen 49 8847 3222 3.0 4.9 23 11 53 48 41 58 7.6 35 6.9 7.8
Yugoslavia 127 2652 648 0.8 0.3 9 10 19 13 68 72 1.8 58 2.3 1.5
Zambia 12 4653 1508 2.7 2.3 19 18 49 43 46 43 5.5 44 4.4 2.9
Zimbabwe 58 5944 1967 3.1 2.4 16 15 50 37 50 49 4.7 33 5.7 4.7
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 306563 105461 2.8 2.9 21 15 48 42 44 51 5.9 33 4.5 4.9
Middle East and North Africa 153129 46851 3.0 2.5 17 7 45 32 52 66 4.4 57 4.2 3.6
South Asia 541761 157573 2.2 1.9 18 9 41 27 48 61 3.4 27 3.6 3.2
East Asia and Pacific 600414 164242 1.7 1.3 11 7 35 18 58 68 2.1 34 3.8 3.8
Latin America and Caribbean 189857 53723 2.2 1.7 11 6 37 23 60 70 2.7 74 3.2 2.3
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 136131 32568 0.9 0.3 9 12 20 14 66 68 1.8 67 1.9 1.1
Industrialized countries 190720 51199 0.7 0.6 10 9 17 12 72 78 1.7 78 0.9 0.8
Developing countries 1845341 542905 2.1 1.8 14 9 38 25 53 63 3.1 39 3.7 3.4
Least developed countries 305800 99573 2.5 2.6 22 14 48 39 43 51 5.3 24 4.5 5.2
World 2118575 611617 1.7 1.5 13 9 32 23 56 64 2.8 46 2.4 2.5
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Life expectancy at birth -- The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time
of their birth.
Crude death rate -- Annual number of deaths per 1,000
population.
Crude birth rate -- Annual number of births per 1,000
population.
Total fertility rate -- The number of children that would be
born per woman if she were to live to the end of her
childbearing years and bear children at each age in
accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates.
Urban population -- Percentage of population living in urban
areas as defined according to the national definition used
in the most recent population census.
Main data sources
Life expectancy -- United Nations Population Division.
Child population -- United Nations Population Division.
Crude death and birth rates -- United Nations Population
Division.
Fertility -- United Nations Population Division.
Urban population -- United Nations Population Division.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Table 6: Economic indicators
Debt service
GNP per capita Annual % of % of central government ODA inflow as a % of
Under-5 GNP per average annual rate of population expenditure allocated to ODA inflow as a % of exports of
mortality capita growth rate (%) inflation below $1 (1990-97) in millions recipient goods and services
rank (US$) *********************** (%) a day *************************************** US$ GNP *******************
1996 1965-80 1990-96 1990-96 1990-95 health education defence 1996 1996 1970 1996
Afghanistan 4 250x 0.6 - - - - - - 228 6 - -
Albania 89 820 - 2.2 68 - 6 2 7 222 8 - 2
Algeria 90 1520 4.2 -1.9 25 2 - - - 309 1 3 26
Andorra 171 c - - - - - - - - - - -
Angola 3 270 - -5.6 1103 - 6x 15x 34x 544 18 - 12
Antigua and Barbuda 127 7330 - 2.0 3 - - - - 12 2 - 2x
Argentina 118 8380 1.7 3.9 16 - 3 5 5 277 0 22 40
Armenia 103 630 - -15.0 897 - - - - 295 12 - 10
Australia 171 20090 2.2 2.7 1 - 13 7 7 - - - -
Austria 181 28110 4.0 0.9 3 - 13 9 2 - - - -
Azerbaijan 81 480 - -18.7 590 - - - - 106 3 - 1
Bahamas 127 11850x - -2.0 3 - 15 19 3 4x 0x - -
Bahrain 126 7840x - 3.8 -1 - 10 14 19 5 0 - 2x
Bangladesh 44 260 -0.3 2.7 5 - 5x 11x 10x 1255 4 0 10
Barbados 148 6600x - -0.8 1 - - - - 5 0 - 5
Belarus 138 2070 - -8.6 715 2 2 18 4 - - - 2
Belgium 163 26440 3.6 1.2 3 - 2x 12x 5x - - - -
Belize 86 2700 - 0.7 4 - 13 20 5 18 3 - 12
Benin 23 350 -0.3 1.9 11 - 6x 31x 17x 293 15 2 6
Bhutan 39 390 - 2.0 9 - 8 10 - 62 22 - 5
Bolivia 51 830 1.7 1.8 11 7 4 17 7 850 13 11 27
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 a - - - - - - - 812 - - 0x
Botswana 78 3210x 9.9 1.3 10 33x 5 25 10 81 2 1 5
Brazil 84 4400 6.3 2.0 675 24 5 3 3 408 0 12 38
Brunei Darussalam 154 25160x - -1.5 0 - - - - 4x 0x - -
Bulgaria 136 1190 - -1.8 80 3 3 3 5 - - - 16
Burkina Faso 22 230 1.7 -0.1 7 - 7 17 14 418 17 4 10
Burundi 17 170 2.4 -6.4 14 - 4 15 20 204 19 4 38
Cambodia 23 300 - 2.9 45 - - - - 453 15 - 1
Cameroon 50 610 2.4 -3.8 6 - 4 15 12 413 5 3 22
Canada 163 19020 3.3 0.6 1 - 5 3 6 - - - -
Cape Verde 65 1010 - -16.7 4 - - - - 120 31 - 3
Central African Rep. 19 310 0.8 -1.7 7 - - - - 167 16 5 3
Chad 14 160 -1.9 -1.7 9 - 8x 8x - 305 29 4 7
Chile 146 4860 0.0 6.4 14 15 12 15 8 203 0 19 30
China 80 750 4.1 11.0 12 22 0 2 13 2617 0 0x 8
Colombia 103 2140 3.7 3.0 23 7 5 19 9 251 0 12 33
Comoros 53 450 - -1.8 4 - - - - 40 18 - 2
Congo 45 670 2.7 -4.3 8 - - - - 430 24 11 20
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 130 -1.3 -10.4 2747 - 1 1 4 167 3 5 0
Cook Islands 103 1550x - - - - - - - 11 16x - -
Costa Rica 144 2640 3.3 2.4 18 19x 21 17 - -7 0 10 13
Cote d'Ivoire 27 660 2.8 0.2 10 18x 4x 21x 4x 968 10 7 25
Croatia 157 3800 - 2.2 218 - 15 7 14 133 1 - 5
Cuba 159 1170x - - - - 23x 10x - 68 0x - -
Cyprus 157 14920x - 2.6 4 - 6 12 4 30 0 - -
Czech Rep. 163 4740 - 0.9 18 3 17 12 5 - - - 8
Denmark 171 32100 2.2 2.1 2 - 1 9 4 - - - -
Djibouti 26 780x - - 5 - - - - 97 - - 5
Dominica 132 3090 - 2.3 4x - - - - 43 19 - 4
Dominican Rep. 75 1600 3.8 3.1 12 20x 11 13 4 106 1 4 9
Ecuador 90 1500 5.4 0.8 35 30 11x 18x 13x 261 1 9 20
Egypt 65 1080 2.8 2.2 11 8 2 13 8 2212 3 26 11
El Salvador 95 1700 1.5 3.5 11 - 10 16 7 317 3 4 8
Equatorial Guinea 20 530 - 15.9 4 - - - - 31 14 - 2
Eritrea 40 100x - - 16 - - - - 157 46x - 0
Estonia 144 3080 - -4.9 117 6 16 10 3 - - - 1
Ethiopia 18 100 0.4 2.0 10 46x 5 15 14 849 14 11 42
Fiji 118 2470 - 0.6 3 - 9 18 6 45 2 - 4
Finland 188 23240 3.6 -0.2 2 - 3 11 4 - - - -
France 181 26270 3.7 0.7 2 - 16x 7x 6x - - - -
Gabon 29 3950 5.6 -1.2 10 - - - - 127 3 6 10
Gambia 55 320x - -0.5 5 - 7x 12x 4x 38 11 1 9
Georgia 109 850 - -19.3 2279 - - - - 318 7 - 4x
Germany 181 28870 3.0x 0.7 3 - 17x 1x 7x - - - -
Ghana 47 360 -0.8 1.5 27 - 7 22 5 654 11 5 17
Greece 159 11460 4.8 1.3 12 - 7 9 7 - - 9 17x
Grenada 109 2880 - 0.6 2 - 10 17 - 11 4 - 5x
Guatemala 74 1470 3.0 0.5 13 53x 11 17 11 216 1 7 10
Guinea 13 560 1.3 1.9 9 26 3x 11x 29x 295 8 - 13
Guinea-Bissau 7 250 -2.7 0.5 48 88 1x 3x 4x 180 67 - 42
Guyana 57 690 - 10.4 26 - - - - 144 25 - 13x
Haiti 34 310 0.9 -6.9 25 - - - - 375 16 5 11
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 81 660 1.1 1.2 20 47 10x 19x 7x 367 9 3 26
Hungary 149 4340 5.1 -0.6 23 2 8x 3x 4x - - - 39
Iceland 181 26580 - 0.5 3 - 23 12 - - - - -
India 45 380 1.5 3.8 9 53 1 2 13 1936 1 21 22
Indonesia 68 1080 5.2 5.9 8 12 3 9 7 1121 1 7 34
Iran 96 1033x 2.9 1.0 32 - 6 14 7 171 0 - 28x
Iraq 37 1036x - - - - - - - 387 1 - -
Ireland 163 17110 2.8 5.1 2 - 15 13 3 - - - -
Israel 171 15870 3.7 3.2 12 - 10 14 18 2217 2 3 -
Italy 171 19880 3.2 0.9 5 - 11x 8x 4x - - - -
Jamaica 149 1600 -0.1 0.9 36 4 7x 11x 8x 60 1 3 15
Japan 171 40940 5.1 1.2 1 - 2 6 4 - - - -
Jordan 118 1650 5.8x 4.0 4 3 7 15 20 514 7 4 11
Kazakhstan 84 1350 - -10.3 605 2 - - - 124 1 - 9
Kenya 55 320 3.1 -0.5 17 50 5x 19x 6x 606 7 6 25
Kiribati 62 920 - -0.6 6 - - - - 13 17 - -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 970x - - - - - - - 43 0x - -
Korea, Rep. of 171 10610 7.3 6.2 6 - 1 20 16 -147 0 20 3x
Kuwait 146 18720x 0.6x 15.7 -1x - 6 11 28 6x 0x - -
Kyrgyzstan 79 550 - -12.7 256 19 - - - 232 9 - 8
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 400 - 3.9 11 - - - - 339 18 - 5
Latvia 132 2300 - -10.1 111 - 6 12 2 - - - 1
Lebanon 93 2970 - 5.4 33 - 3 7 12 233 2 - 5
Lesotho 31 660 6.8 0.9 9 49x 13 21 6 107 8 1 5
Liberia 6 490x 0.5 - - - 5x 11x 9x 207 18 8 3x
Libya 115 5540x 0.0 - - - - - - 10 0 - -
Liechtenstein 163 c - - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 143 2280 - -6.0 179 2 7 7 2 - - - 2
Luxembourg 163 45360 - 0.1 3 - 2 10 2 - - - -
Madagascar 25 250 -0.4 -2.0 25 72 7 9 5 364 11 32 7
Malawi 8 180 3.2 -0.2 33 - 7x 12x 5x 501 27 8 14
Malaysia 149 4370 4.7 6.1 4 6x 6 23 11 -452 -1 4 8
Maldives 64 1080 - 4.1 10 - 11 13 - 33 12 - 3
Mali 5 240 2.1x -0.2 11 - 2x 9x 8x 505 21 1 16
Malta 154 8650x - 3.1 4 - 11 12 2 72 2 - 1
Marshall Islands 54 1890 - -4.0 6 - - - - 73 41 - -
Mauritania 16 470 -0.1 1.7 6 31x 4x 23x - 274 25 3 19
Mauritius 123 3710 3.7 3.6 7 - 8 17 1 20 0 3 7
Mexico 96 3670 3.6 -0.3 19 15 3 24 4 289 0 24 31
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 2070 - -1.3 5 - - - - 113 50 - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 590 - -16.8 308 7 - - - - - - 4
Monaco 181 c - - - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 27 360 - -2.3 106 - 4x 7x 12x 203 23 - 8
Morocco 67 1290 2.7 0.2 4 2 3 18 14 651 2 8 27
Mozambique 10 80 - 2.6 47 - 5x 10x 35x 923 63 - 26
Myanmar 42 220x 1.6 3.9 22 - 4 10 37 56 2x 18 14x
Namibia 62 2250 - 1.6 10 - 10x 22x 7x 189 5 - -
Nauru 103 - - - - - - - - 3 - - -
Nepal 48 210 - 2.3 10 50 5 14 4 401 9 3 7
Netherlands 171 25940 2.7 1.8 2 - 14 11 4 - - - -
New Zealand 163 15720 1.7 1.7 2 - 15 15 3 - - - -
Nicaragua 71 380 -0.7 -0.2 71 44 13 15 6 954 56 11 23
Niger 1 200 -2.5 -2.3 7 62 - - - 259 14 4 13
Nigeria 15 240 4.2 1.2 38 31 1x 3x 3x 192 1 4 16
Niue - - - - - - - - - 7 - - -
Norway 188 34510 3.6 3.7 2 - 4 7 7 - - - -
Oman 138 4950x 9.0 -0.3 -3 - 7 14 35 62 1 - 9
Pakistan 33 480 1.8 1.1 11 12 1x 2x 31x 877 1 22 22
Palau 98 790x - - - - - - - 62 - - -
Panama 132 3080 2.8 3.6 3 26x 18 17 5 90 1 8 9
Papua New Guinea 43 1150 - 5.0 7 - 8 15 4 385 8 1 12
Paraguay 99 1850 4.1 -1.5 17 - 7 22 11 97 1 12 4
Peru 72 2420 0.8 4.8 49 49 5x 16x 11x 410 1 12 31
Philippines 88 1160 3.2 1.0 9 29 2 18 8 883 1 8 12
Poland 149 3230 - 3.3 32 7 11 6 4 - - - 6
Portugal 159 10160 4.6 1.5 7 - 9x 11x 6x - - 7 16x
Qatar 132 11590x - -5.1 - - - - - 3x 0x - -
Romania 114 1600 - 0.1 133 18 8 10 7 - - 0x 8
Russian Federation 115 2410 - -9.2 394 2 2 2 12 - - - 6
Rwanda 21 190 1.6 -8.2 20 46x 5x 26x - 674 53 1 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 5870 - 3.5 4 - - - - 7 3 - 4
Saint Lucia 109 3500 - 2.8 3 - - - - 39 7 - 3
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 2370 - 2.4 3 - 13 16 - 27 10 - 5
Samoa 76 1170 - 0.1 2 - - - - 32 16 - 4
San Marino 171 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Principe 59 330 - -1.7 53 - - - - 47 104 - 21
Saudi Arabia 112 6800x 4.0x -3.1 1 - 6x 14x 36x 29 0 - 1x
Senegal 36 570 -0.5 -0.6 8 54 - - - 582 12 4 13
Seychelles 138 6850 - 1.5 2 - 8 12 4 19 4 - 4
Sierra Leone 2 200 0.7 -3.9 38 - 10x 13x 10x 195 21 11 48
Singapore 188 30550 8.3 6.6 3 - 8 19 29 16x 0x 1 -
Slovakia 149 3410 - -1.2 14 13 - - - - - - 9
Slovenia 171 9240 - 4.4 39 - - - - 82 0 - 9
Solomon Islands 112 900 - 1.3 11 - - - - 43 12 - 4
Somalia 9 110x -0.1 -2.3x 75x - 1x 2x 38x 91 9 2 25x
South Africa 69 3520 3.2 -0.2 11 24 - - - 361 0 - 11
Spain 181 14350 4.1 1.0 5 - 6 4 3 - - - -
Sri Lanka 136 740 2.8 3.4 10 4 6 10 18 494 4 11 6
Sudan 41 320x 0.8 0.6x 86 - - - - 230 3 11 0
Suriname 103 1000 - -0.3 138 - - - - 111 26 - -
Swaziland 52 1210 - -1.2 11 - - - - 31 3 - 3
Sweden 188 25710 2.0 -0.2 3 - 0 5 4 - - - -
Switzerland 181 44350 1.5 -1.0 2 - 20 3 6 - - - -
Syria 99 1160 5.1 4.3 9 - 4 10 29 225 1 11 2
Tajikistan 61 340 - -18.5 394 - - - - 113 6 - 0
Tanzania 30 170 0.8 -0.2 26 11 6x 8x 16x 894 17 1 17
TFYR Macedonia 123 990 - -8.5 286 - - - - 105 5 - 3
Thailand 92 2960 4.4 6.7 5 2 8 21 13 832 0 3 9
Togo 35 300 1.7 -3.9 9 - 5x 20x 11x 166 13 3 8
Tonga 123 1790 - 2.0 4 - 7x 13x - 32 18 - 5
Trinidad and Tobago 141 3870 3.1 0.1 7 - 9 15 2 17 0 5 14
Tunisia 99 1930 4.7 1.3 5 4 7 19 6 126 1 18 15
Turkey 81 2830 3.6 1.7 78 - 2 11 8 233 0 16 19
Turkmenistan 59 940 - -13.1 1074 5 - - - 24 1 - 10
Tuvalu 72 650x - - - - - - - 10 - - -
Uganda 31 300 -2.2 4.0 20 69x 2x 15x 26x 684 12 3 13
Ukraine 118 1200 - -13.5 801 - - - - - - - 6
United Arab Emirates 154 17390x - -4.8 - - 7 17 37 8x 0x - -
United Kingdom 163 19600 2.0 1.5 3 - 14 5 8 - - - -
United States 159 28020 1.8 1.2 3 - 20 2 16 - - - -
Uruguay 127 5760 2.5 3.8 50 - 6 7 5 51 0 22 13
Uzbekistan 70 1010 - -5.6 547 - - - - 87 0 - 8
Vanuatu 77 1290 - -1.1 3 - - - - 31 14 - 1
Venezuela 115 3020 2.3 -0.3 47 12 10x 20x 6x 44 0 3 14
Viet Nam 86 290 - 6.2 23 - - - - 927 4 - 3
Yemen 49 380 - -2.2 27 - 4 20 32 260 4 - 2
Yugoslavia 127 b - - - - - - - 70 - - -
Zambia 12 360 -1.2 -4.8 87 85 10 18 5 614 18 6 24
Zimbabwe 58 610 1.7 -1.1 26 41 8x 24x 17x 374 5 2 19
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 528 2.8 -0.4 82 39 5 14 10 15360 5 6 14
Middle East and North Africa 1798 3.1 0.4 15 - 5 14 20 5568 1 12 17
South Asia 380 1.4 3.3 9 47 1 3 15 5286 1 17 20
East Asia and Pacific 1193 4.9 8.1 9 20 2 11 13 7755 0 6 12
Latin America and Caribbean 3681 4.0 2.1 286 22 5 11 5 6125 0 13 29
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 2182 - -4.4 284 5 5 6 9 - - - 10
Industrialized countries 27086 2.9 1.1 2 - 13 4 9 - - - -
Developing countries 1222 3.7 4.0 113 30 4 11 11 43843 1 11 18
Least developed countries 232 -0.1 0.0 181 - 5 13 14 14231 11 6 10
World 5051 3.1 1.5 31 28 11 6 9 45339 1 11 16
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
GNP per capita -- Gross national product (GNP) is the sum
of gross value added by all resident producers, plus any
taxes that are not included in the valuation of output, plus
net receipts of primary income from non-resident sources.
GNP per capita is the gross national product, converted to United
States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by
the mid-year population.
% of population below $1 a day -- Percentage of population
living on less than $1 a day at 1985 international prices,
adjusted for purchasing power parity.
ODA -- Official development assistance.
Debt service -- The sum of interest payments and repayments
of principal on external public and publicly guaranteed
long-term debts.
Main data sources
GNP per capita -- World Bank.
% of population below $1 a day -- World Bank.
Expenditure on health, education and defence --
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
ODA -- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD).
Debt service -- World Bank.
Notes
a: Range $785 or less.
b: Range $786 to $3115.
c: Range $9636 or more.
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Table 7: Women Adult % of attended
Under-5 Life expectancy literacy rate Enrolment ratios Contraceptive pregnant women by trained
mortality females as a females as a females as a % of males prevalence immunized against health Maternal mortality ratio
rank % of males % of males 1990-96 (%) tetanus personnel 1980-97*
primary secondary
1997 1995 school school 1990-98 1995-97 1990-97 reported adjusted
Afghanistan 4 102 32 50 34 2x 3 9x - -
Albania 89 109 - 102 100 - 50 99x - -
Algeria 90 104 66 89 89 57 52 77 220 -
Andorra 171 - - - - - - - - -
Angola 3 107 52x 93 - 8 53 15x - -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 110 - - - 53x - 100 150 -
Argentina 118 110 100 99 111 74x 63 97 44 85
Armenia 103 110 99 105 107 60 - 96 35 -
Australia 171 108 - 100 99 76x - 100 - -
Austria 181 108 - 100 95 71x - 100 - -
Azerbaijan 81 112 99 108 105 - - 99 37 -
Bahamas 127 110 99 99 103 62x 75x 100x - -
Bahrain 126 106 89 102 104 62 56 98 46 -
Bangladesh 44 100 53 86 50 49 86 8 440 -
Barbados 148 107 99 101 89x 55x 100 100 0 -
Belarus 138 117 99 97 104 50 - 100x 22 -
Belgium 163 109 - 99 106 79 - 100x - -
Belize 86 104 100x 95 111 47 88 79 140 140
Benin 23 110 53 57 43 37 73 60 500 -
Bhutan 39 108 50 61x 29x 19 70 15 380 -
Bolivia 51 105 84 91 85 45 75 47 390 -
Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 109 - - - - - 97 10 -
Botswana 78 106 74 103 107 48 49 78x 330 -
Brazil 84 113 100 96x 116x 77 45 92 160 -
Brunei Darussalam 154 107 89 95 108 - 76 98 0 -
Bulgaria 136 110 99 98 99 76x - 100x 15 -
Burkina Faso 22 104 30 65 55 8 21 42 - -
Burundi 17 109 47 82 63 9x 33 19x - -
Cambodia 23 106 66x 81 59 13 31 31 470 -
Cameroon 50 106 69 90 69 16 32 64 - -
Canada 163 108 - 98 99 73x - 99x - -
Cape Verde 65 103 79 98 93 27 55 54 55 -
Central African Rep. 19 111 75 65 40 15 15 46 1100 -
Chad 14 107 56 49 27 4 24 15 830 -
Chile 146 108 100 98 111 43x - 100 23 -
China 80 106 81 99 90 83 13 89 60 60
Colombia 103 109 100 99 116 72 57 85 80 80
Comoros 53 102 78 84 81 21 15 52 500 -
Congo 45 108 81 92 73 - 30 - - -
Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 106 78 69 59 8 80 - - -
Cook Islands 103 - - - - 50 90 99 - -
Costa Rica 144 107 100 99 108 75 90 98 29 35
Cote d'Ivoire 27 104 60 73 50 11 44 45 600 -
Croatia 157 112 99 99 102 - 91 - 12 -
Cuba 159 105 99 96 105 82 61x 99 24 24
Cyprus 157 107 93x 100 103 - 57x 100x 0 -
Czech Rep. 163 109 - 99 103 69 - - 9 -
Denmark 171 107 - 101 103 78x - 100x 10 -
Djibouti 26 106 55 75 73 - 47 79x - -
Dominica 132 106 - - - 50x - 98 65 -
Dominican Rep. 75 106 100 101 138 64 77 96 230 -
Ecuador 90 107 96 99 100 57 3 64 160 -
Egypt 65 105 61 87 85 55 61 56 170 170
El Salvador 95 109 95 101 113 53 69 87 160 -
Equatorial Guinea 20 106 76 - - - 70 58x - -
Eritrea 40 106 - 81 73 8 32 21 1000 -
Estonia 144 117 100 98 110 70 - - 50 -
Ethiopia 18 106 54 62 83 4 40 14x - -
Fiji 118 107 95 99 102 32x 100 96x 38 -
Finland 188 110 - 100 115 80x - 100 6 6
France 181 111 - 98 99 75 83 99 10 20
Gabon 29 106 72 - - - 4 80x - -
Gambia 55 107 47 86 54 12 86 44 - -
Georgia 109 112 99 101 97 - - - 60 -
Germany 181 110 - 99 98 75 80 99 8 -
Ghana 47 107 71 84 64 20 87 41 210 -
Greece 159 108 97 100 91 - - 97x 1 -
Grenada 109 - - - - 54 80 99 0 -
Guatemala 74 109 78 87 92 31 38 35 190 -
Guinea 13 102 44 54 33 29 45 31 670 -
Guinea-Bissau 7 107 63 58 36x 1x 46 27x 910 910
Guyana 57 111 99 98 125 - 71 95 190 -
Haiti 34 106 88 93 96 18 38 21 - -
Holy See - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 81 107 100 102 128 50 100 61 220 220
Hungary 149 114 100 100 105 73x - 99x 15 -
Iceland 181 105 - 96 98 - - 100x - -
India 45 100 58 82 64 41 80 34 440 -
Indonesia 68 106 87 96 85 55 78 54 450 -
Iran 96 103 76 93 82 73 76 86 37 37
Iraq 37 105 63 86 64 18x 56 54x - -
Ireland 163 107 - 99 105 - - - 6 -
Israel 171 104 96 100 106 - - 99x 5 -
Italy 171 108 99 98 101 78x - - 7 -
Jamaica 149 107 110 99 113 65 82 91 120 120
Japan 171 108 - 100 102 59 - 100x 8 -
Jordan 118 106 85 101 98x 53 40 97 41 41
Kazakshtan 84 116 99 100 101 59 - 100 70 -
Kenya 55 108 81 100 85 33 21 45 370 -
Kiribati 62 109 - - - 28 41 72 - -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 109 - 94x - - 80 100x 110 -
Korea, Rep. of 171 110 98 101 100 79 - 98 20 20
Kuwait 146 105 91 99 100 35x 21 99x 5 -
Kyrgyzstan 79 114 96 97 112 60 - 98 65 -
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 106 64 74 61 19 32 - 650 -
Latvia 132 117 100 95 105 - 64 - 45 -
Lebanon 93 106 95 97 109 63 - 98 100 -
Lesotho 31 105 77 114 155 23 10 50 - -
Liberia 6 106 41 55x - 6x 35 58x - -
Libya 115 105 72 100 100 - 45x 76x 75 -
Liechtenstein 163 - 100x - - - - - - -
Lithuania 143 117 99 98 104 - - - 18 -
Luxembourg 163 110 - 107 106 - - 99x 0 -
Madagascar 25 105 53 96 100 19 35 47 490 -
Malawi 8 103 58 90 57 22 15 55 620 -
Malaysia 149 106 88 100 109 48x 81 99 39 39
Maldives 64 97 100 97 100 17 96 90 350 390
Mali 5 107 59 66 50 7 32 25 580 -
Malta 154 105 101 95 92 - - - - -
Marshall Islands 54 - - - - 37 15x - - -
Mauritania 16 106 52 85 58 4 63 40 550 -
Mauritius 123 110 91 99 107 75 78 97 30 -
Mexico 96 109 95 97 102 53x 70 91 48 85
Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 106 - - - - 44 90x - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 113 101 98 104 - - - 42 -
Monaco 181 - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 27 105 87 103 136 - - 100 150 -
Morocco 67 105 54 76 75 59 42 43 230 -
Mozambique 10 107 40 71 56 6 68 44 1100 -
Myanmar 42 107 88 97 103 33 83 56 230 -
Namibia 62 104 95x 102 118 29 78 68 230 -
Nauru 103 - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 48 100 34 69 51 30 19 9 540 -
Netherlands 171 108 - 98 95 80 - 100x 7 10
New Zealand 163 107 - 99 98 70x - 99x 15 15
Nicaragua 71 106 103 103 116 49 95 61 160 -
Niger 1 106 33 61 44 4 19 15 590 -
Nigeria 15 106 70 79 85 6 23 31 - -
Niue - - - - - - 40 99 - -
Norway 188 108 - 100 95 76x - 100x 6 -
Oman 138 106 65x 95 94 40 98 93 21 -
Pakistan 33 103 48 45 52 17 57 18 - -
Palau 98 - - - - 38x 55 99 - -
Panama 132 106 99 96 108 58x 24 86 85 -
Papua New Guinea 43 104 78 85 65 26 64 53 370 -
Paraguay 99 107 97 97 103 51 32 61 190 -
Peru 72 108 87 97 93 64 57 56 270 -
Philippines 88 106 99 102 102x 40 46 64 210 -
Poland 149 113 - 99 101 75x - 99x 8 -
Portugal 159 110 95 95 108 66x - 90x 8 -
Qatar 132 107 101 95 100 32x - 98 10 -
Romania 114 111 98 98 101 57 - 100x 41 -
Russian Federation 115 124 99 99 108 - - 99 49 -
Rwanda 21 105 74 98 75 21 43 26 - -
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 107 - - - 41x - 100 130 -
Saint Lucia 109 110 - - - 47x - 100 30 -
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 110 - - - 58x - 96 43 -
Samoa 76 106 - 98 114 21 96 76 - -
San Marino 171 - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Principe 59 106 - - - 10x 65 86x - -
Saudi Arabia 112 104 69 96 87 - 60 90 - -
Senegal 36 104 53 82 60 13 34 47 560 -
Seychelles 138 110 104x - - - 100 99x - -
Sierra Leone 2 108 40 69 59 4x 11 25x - -
Singapore 188 105 90 96x 103x 74x - 100x 6 -
Slovakia 149 113 - 100 104 74 - - 9 -
Slovenia 171 113 99x 100 102 - - - 11 -
Solomon Islands 112 107 - 87 67 25 63 87x 550 -
Somalia 9 106 39x 53x - 1x 30 2x - -
South Africa 69 110 100 98 119 50x 26 82 - -
Spain 181 109 98 100 110 59x - 96x 6 -
Sri Lanka 136 106 94 98 110 66 89 94 60 60
Sudan 41 106 60 81 86 8 46 69 550 -
Suriname 103 107 96 97x 116x - 99x 91x 110 110
Swaziland 52 109 97 95 96 21x 85 56 230 -
Sweden 188 107 - 101 102 78x - 100x 5 -
Switzerland 181 109 - 99 94 71x - 99x 5 -
Syria 99 106 65 90 85 36 92 67 110 -
Tajikistan 61 109 100 97 90 - - 79 85 -
Tanzania 30 106 72 97 83 18 27 38 530 -
TFYR Macedonia 123 107 - 97 102 - 91x 95 11 -
Thailand 92 109 96 97 97 74 88 71x 44 44
Togo 35 106 55 80 34 24 65 54x - -
Tonga 123 106 - - - 39 92 92 - -
Trinidad and Tobago 141 107 98 112 120 53x 19x 98x - -
Tunisia 99 104 70 94 94 60 80 81 70 70
Turkey 81 108 78 95 67 63 32 76 130 -
Turkmenistan 59 111 98x - - - - 96 110 -
Tuvalu 72 - - - - - 53 100 - -
Uganda 31 105 68 85 60 15 45 38 510 -
Ukraine 118 116 101 99 107 - - 100 30 -
United Arab Emirates 154 103 101 96 109 28 - 96x 3 -
United Kingdom 163 108 - 101 118 82 - 100x 7 10
United States 159 110 - 99 101 74x - 99x 8 12
Uruguay 127 109 101 98 120 84 13x 96x 21 -
Uzbekistan 70 111 100 97 88 56 - 98 21 -
Vanuatu 77 106 - 102 78 15 15 87 - -
Venezuela 115 109 98 103 141 49x 72 69x 65 -
Viet Nam 86 106 94 95x 93x 65 84 85 160 160
Yemen 49 102 49x 40 22 21 17 43 - -
Yugoslavia 127 107 98 101 105 - - 93 10 -
Zambia 12 105 83 93 62 26 37 47 650 -
Zimbabwe 58 104 89 97 80 48 70 69 400 -
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 106 71 82 82 16 39 37
Middle East and North Africa 104 67 86 83 50 59 70
South Asia 101 57 77 63 39 74 28
East Asia and Pacific 106 84 98 91 75 36 81
Latin America and Caribbean 110 97 97 109 65 57 82
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 114 97 98 98 64 - 93
Industrialized countries 109 - 99 102 72 - 99
Developing countries 105 78 89 83 55 52 55
Least developed countries 105 63 78 60 22 48 28
World 106 81 90 88 58 52 60
Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Life expectancy at birth -- The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time
of their birth.
Adult literacy rate -- Percentage of persons aged 15 and
over who can read and write.
Primary and secondary enrolment ratios -- The number of
children enrolled in a schooling level (primary or
secondary), regardless of age, divided by the population of
the age group which officially corresponds to that level.
Contraceptive prevalence -- Percentage of married women aged
15-49 years currently using contraception.
Births attended -- Percentage of births attended by
physicians, nurses, midwives, or primary health care workers
trained in midwifery skills.
Maternal mortality rate -- Annual number of deaths of women
from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
'Reported' column shows country reported figures; 'adjusted'
column shows figures from special studies that take account
of misclassification and underreporting.
Main data sources
Life expectancy -- United Nations Population Division.
Adult literacy -- United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
School enrolment -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO).
Immunization -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS),
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World Health
Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.
Contraceptive prevalence -- Demographic and Health Surveys
(DHS), United Nations Population Division and UNICEF.
Births attended -- World Health Organization (WHO) and
UNICEF.
Maternal mortality -- World Health Organization (WHO) and
UNICEF.
* Since maternal deaths are often misclassified or
underreported and data collection methods vary considerably,
maternal mortality estimates are being adjusted to improve
comparability and to better reflect the true levels of
maternal mortality. As the 'adjusted' column in this table
shows, only partial data are currently available, and
therefore no regional averages could be calculated.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
Measuring human development An introduction to table 8 If development in the 1990s is to assume a more human face then there arises a corresponding need for a means of measuring human as well as economic progress. From UNICEF's point of view, in particular, there is a need for an agreed method of measuring the level of child well-being and its rate of change. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is used in table 8 as the principal indicator of such progress. The U5MR has several advantages. First, it measures an end result of the development process rather than an 'input' such as school enrolment level, per capita calorie availability, or the number of doctors per thousand population -- all of which are means to an end. Second, the U5MR is known to be the result of a wide variety of inputs: the nutritional health and the health knowledge of mothers; the level of immunization and ORT use; the availability of maternal and child health services (including prenatal care); income and food availability in the family; the availability of clean water and safe sanitation; and the overall safety of the child's environment. Third, the U5MR is less susceptible than, say, per capita GNP to the fallacy of the average. This is because the natural scale does not allow the children of the rich to be one thousand times as likely to survive, even if the man-made scale does permit them to have one thousand times as much income. In other words, it is much more difficult for a wealthy minority to affect a nation's U5MR, and it therefore presents a more accurate, if far from perfect, picture of health status of the majority of children (and of society as a whole). For these reasons, the U5MR is chosen by UNICEF as its single most important indicator of the state of a nation's children. That is why the tables rank the nations of the world not in ascending order of their per capital GNP but in descending order of their under-five mortality rates. The speed of progress in reducing the U5MR can be measured by calculating its average annual reduction rate (AARR). Unlike the comparison of absolute changes, the AARR reflects the fact that the lower limits to U5MR are approached only with increasing difficulty. As lower levels of under-five mortality are reached, for example, the same absolute reduction obviously represents a greater percentage of reduction. The AARR therefore shows a higher rate of progress for, say, a 10-point reduction if that reduction happens at a lower level of under-five mortality. (A fall in U5MR of 10 points from 100 to 90 represents a reduction of 10 per cent, whereas the same 10-point fall from 20 to 10 represents a reduction of 50 per cent). When used in conjunction with GNP growth rates, the U5MR and its reduction rate can therefore give a picture of the progress being made by any country or region, and over any period of time, towards the satisfaction of some of the most essential of human needs. As table 8 shows, there is no fixed relationship between the annual reduction rate of the U5MR and the annual rate of growth in per capita GNP. Such comparisons help to throw the emphasis on to the policies, priorities, and other factors which determine the ratio between economic and social progress. Finally, the table gives the total fertility rate for each country and its average annual rate of reduction. It will be seen that many of the nations that have achieved significant reductions in their U5MR have also achieved significant reductions in fertility. Table 8: The rate of progressAverage annual GNP per capita Under-5 rate of average annual Total Average annual Under-5 mortality reduction (%) growth rate (%) fertility rate rate of mortality rate required reduction (%) rank 1960 1990 1997 1960-90 1990-97 1997-2000 1965-80 1990-96 1960 1990 1997 1960-90 1990-97 Afghanistan 4 360 260 257 1.1 0.2 43.4 0.6 - 6.9 6.9 6.9 0.0 0.0 Albania 89 151 41 40 4.3 0.4 12.7 - 2.2 5.9 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 Algeria 90 255 48 39 5.6 3.0 6.6 4.2 -1.9 7.3 4.6 3.9 1.5 2.4 Andorra 171 - - 6 - - - - - - - - - - Angola 3 345 297 292 0.5 0.2 47.6 - -5.6 6.4 7.2 6.7 -0.4 1.0 Antigua and Barbuda 127 - - 21 - - - - 2.0 - 1.8 1.7 - 0.8 Argentina 118 72 28 24 3.1 2.2 8.3 1.7 3.9 3.1 2.9 2.6 0.2 1.6 Armenia 103 48 31 30 1.5 0.5 12.4 - -15.0 4.5 2.4 1.7 2.1 4.9 Australia 171 24 10 6 2.9 7.3 -3.7 2.2 2.7 3.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 0.0 Austria 181 43 9 5 5.2 8.4 -6.1 4.0 0.9 2.7 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.0 Azerbaijan 81 75 44 45 1.8 -0.3 14.3 - -18.7 5.5 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.3 Bahamas 127 68 29 21 2.8 4.6 2.8 - -2.0 3.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.7 Bahrain 126 203 23 22 7.3 0.6 12.1 - 3.8 7.1 3.7 3.0 2.2 3.0 Bangladesh 44 247 140 109 1.9 3.6 14.8 -0.3 2.7 6.7 4.1 3.2 1.6 3.5 Barbados 148 90 13 12 6.4 1.1 10.7 - -0.8 4.5 1.7 1.7 3.2 0.0 Belarus 138 47 20 18 2.8 1.5 10.1 - -8.6 2.7 1.9 1.4 1.2 4.4 Belgium 163 35 9 7 4.5 3.6 5.1 3.6 1.2 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.0 Belize 86 104 49 43 2.5 1.9 9.1 - 0.7 6.5 4.4 3.7 1.3 2.5 Benin 23 300 185 167 1.6 1.5 29.0 -0.3 1.9 6.9 6.6 5.9 0.1 1.6 Bhutan 39 300 166 121 2.0 4.5 18.2 - 2.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 0.0 0.0 Bolivia 51 255 124 96 2.4 3.7 10.5 1.7 1.8 6.7 4.9 4.4 1.0 1.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 142 155 20 16 6.8 3.2 6.2 - - 4.0 1.7 1.4 2.9 2.8 Botswana 78 170 62 49 3.4 3.4 5.7 9.9 1.3 6.8 5.0 4.5 1.0 1.5 Brazil 84 177 60 44 3.6 4.4 3.2 6.3 2.0 6.2 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.9 Brunei Darussalam 154 87 11 10 6.9 1.4 10.5 - -1.5 6.9 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.4 Bulgaria 136 70 18 19 4.5 -0.8 15.3 - -1.8 2.2 1.7 1.5 0.9 1.8 Burkina Faso 22 315 196 169 1.6 2.1 29.4 1.7 -0.1 6.7 7.3 6.6 -0.3 1.4 Burundi 17 255 180 176 1.2 0.3 30.7 2.4 -6.4 6.8 6.8 6.3 0.0 1.1 Cambodia 23 217 193 167 0.4 2.1 29.0 - 2.9 6.3 4.9 4.5 0.8 1.2 Cameroon 50 255 125 99 2.4 3.3 11.6 2.4 -3.8 5.8 5.9 5.3 -0.1 1.5 Canada 163 33 9 7 4.3 3.6 5.1 3.3 0.6 3.8 1.7 1.6 2.7 0.9 Cape Verde 65 164 73 73 2.7 0.0 13.5 - -16.7 7.0 4.3 3.6 1.6 2.5 Central African Rep. 19 327 177 173 2.0 0.3 30.2 0.8 -1.7 5.6 5.5 5.0 0.1 1.4 Chad 14 325 198 198 1.7 0.0 34.7 -1.9 -1.7 6.0 5.9 5.5 0.1 1.0 Chile 146 138 20 13 6.4 6.2 -0.8 0.0 6.4 5.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 0.6 China 80 209 47 47 5.0 0.0 13.6 4.1 11.0 5.7 2.2 1.8 3.2 2.9 Colombia 103 130 40 30 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.0 6.8 3.0 2.7 2.7 1.5 Comoros 53 265 120 93 2.6 3.6 9.5 - -1.8 6.8 6.3 5.6 0.3 1.7 Congo 45 220 110 108 2.3 0.3 14.5 2.7 -4.3 5.9 6.3 5.9 -0.2 0.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. 11 302 207 207 1.3 0.0 36.1 -1.3 -10.4 6.0 6.7 6.3 -0.4 0.9 Cook Islands 103 - 32 30 - 0.9 11.4 - - - - - - - Costa Rica 144 112 16 14 6.5 1.9 9.0 3.3 2.4 7.0 3.3 3.0 2.5 1.4 Cote d'Ivoire 27 300 150 150 2.3 0.0 25.4 2.8 0.2 7.2 6.3 5.2 0.4 2.7 Croatia 157 98 13 9 6.7 5.3 1.1 - 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.9 Cuba 159 54 13 8 4.7 6.9 -2.8 - - 4.2 1.7 1.6 3.0 0.9 Cyprus 157 36 12 9 3.7 4.1 3.9 - 2.6 3.5 2.4 2.3 1.3 0.6 Czech Rep. 163 25 11 7 2.7 6.5 -1.4 - 0.9 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.8 3.6 Denmark 171 25 9 6 3.4 5.8 0.0 2.2 2.1 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 -1.7 Djibouti 26 289 164 156 1.9 0.7 26.7 - - 7.0 6.0 5.4 0.5 1.5 Dominica 132 - 23 20 - 2.0 8.9 - 2.3 - 2.7 2.3 - 2.3 Dominican Rep. 75 149 65 53 2.8 2.9 6.7 3.8 3.1 7.4 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.3 Ecuador 90 180 50 39 4.3 3.5 5.3 5.4 0.8 6.7 3.8 3.1 1.9 2.9 Egypt 65 282 106 73 3.3 5.3 1.4 2.8 2.2 7.0 4.2 3.4 1.7 3.0 El Salvador 95 210 54 36 4.5 5.8 0.0 1.5 3.5 6.8 3.8 3.1 1.9 2.9 Equatorial Guinea 20 316 206 172 1.4 2.6 30.0 - 15.9 5.5 5.9 5.5 -0.2 1.0 Eritrea 40 250 160 116 1.5 4.6 16.8 - - 6.6 5.9 5.4 0.4 1.3 Estonia 144 52 21 14 3.0 5.8 0.0 - -4.9 2.0 1.9 1.3 0.2 5.4 Ethiopia 18 280 190 175 1.3 1.2 30.5 0.4 2.0 6.9 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 Fiji 118 97 31 24 3.8 3.7 4.9 - 0.6 6.4 3.1 2.8 2.4 1.5 Finland 188 28 7 4 4.6 8.0 -5.4 3.6 -0.2 2.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 -0.8 France 181 34 9 5 4.4 8.4 -6.1 3.7 0.7 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.7 Gabon 29 287 164 145 1.9 1.8 24.3 5.6 -1.2 4.1 5.0 5.4 -0.7 -1.1 Gambia 55 364 127 87 3.5 5.4 7.2 - -0.5 6.4 5.9 5.2 0.3 1.8 Georgia 109 70 31 29 2.7 1.0 11.2 - -19.3 2.9 2.2 1.9 0.9 2.1 Germany 181 40 9 5 5.0 8.4 -6.1 3.0x 0.7 2.4 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.1 Ghana 47 215 127 107 1.8 2.4 14.1 -0.8 1.5 6.9 6.0 5.3 0.5 1.8 Greece 159 64 11 8 5.9 4.5 3.1 4.8 1.3 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.0 Grenada 109 - 37 29 - 3.5 5.3 - 0.6 - - - - - Guatemala 74 202 81 55 3.0 5.5 0.6 3.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 4.9 0.7 1.9 Guinea 13 380 237 201 1.6 2.4 35.2 1.3 1.9 7.0 7.0 6.6 0.0 0.8 Guinea-Bissau 7 336 246 220 1.0 1.6 38.2 -2.7 0.5 5.1 5.8 5.5 -0.4 0.8 Guyana 57 126 90 82 1.1 1.3 10.4 - 10.4 6.5 2.6 2.3 3.1 1.8 Haiti 34 253 148 132 1.8 1.6 21.1 0.9 -6.9 6.3 4.9 4.6 0.8 0.9 Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Honduras 81 204 61 45 4.0 4.3 3.3 1.1 1.2 7.5 5.1 4.4 1.3 2.1 Hungary 149 57 16 11 4.2 5.4 0.9 5.1 -0.6 2.0 1.8 1.4 0.4 3.6 Iceland 181 22 5 5 4.9 0.0 13.9 - 0.5 4.0 2.2 2.2 2.0 0.0 India 45 236 131 108 2.0 2.8 14.5 1.5 3.8 5.9 3.7 3.1 1.6 2.5 Indonesia 68 216 95 68 2.7 4.8 2.4 5.2 5.9 5.5 3.1 2.7 1.9 2.0 Iran 96 233 59 35 4.6 7.5 -3.9 2.9 1.0 7.2 5.7 4.8 0.8 2.5 Iraq 37 171 48 122 4.2 -13.3 44.6 - - 7.2 5.9 5.3 0.7 1.5 Ireland 163 36 9 7 4.6 3.6 5.1 2.8 5.1 3.8 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.2 Israel 171 39 12 6 3.9 9.9 -9.6 3.7 3.2 3.9 3.0 2.8 0.9 1.0 Italy 171 50 10 6 5.4 7.3 -3.7 3.2 0.9 2.5 1.3 1.2 2.2 1.1 Jamaica 149 76 16 11 5.2 5.4 0.9 -0.1 0.9 5.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 0.6 Japan 171 40 6 6 6.3 0.0 13.5 5.1 1.2 2.0 1.6 1.5 0.7 0.9 Jordan 118 139 37 24 4.4 6.2 -1.0 5.8x 4.0 7.7 5.8 5.2 0.9 1.6 Kazakhstan 84 74 48 44 1.4 1.2 10.6 - -10.3 4.5 2.8 2.3 1.6 2.8 Kenya 55 205 97 87 2.5 1.6 9.9 3.1 -0.5 8.0 6.1 4.9 0.9 3.1 Kiribati 62 - 88 75 - 2.3 8.2 - -0.6 - 4.0 4.4 - -1.4 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 103 120 35 30 4.1 2.2 8.4 - - 5.8 2.1 2.1 3.4 0.0 Korea, Rep. of 171 127 9 6 8.8 5.8 0.0 7.3 6.2 6.0 1.7 1.7 4.2 0.0 Kuwait 146 128 16 13 6.9 3.0 6.5 0.6x 15.7 7.3 3.5 2.8 2.5 3.2 Kyrgyzstan 79 115 55 48 2.5 1.9 8.9 - -12.7 5.1 3.8 3.2 1.0 2.5 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 37 235 163 122 1.2 4.1 18.5 - 3.9 6.2 6.7 6.7 -0.3 0.0 Latvia 132 44 20 20 2.6 0.0 13.6 - -10.1 1.9 1.9 1.4 0.0 4.4 Lebanon 93 85 40 37 2.5 1.1 10.9 - 5.4 6.3 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.3 Lesotho 31 203 148 137 1.1 1.1 22.4 6.8 0.9 5.8 5.3 4.9 0.3 1.1 Liberia 6 288 235 235 0.7 0.0 40.4 0.5 - 6.6 6.8 6.4 -0.1 0.9 Libya 115 270 42 25 6.2 7.4 -3.8 0.0 - 7.1 6.6 6.0 0.2 1.4 Liechtenstein 163 - - 7 - - - - - - - - - - Lithuania 143 70 17 15 4.7 1.8 9.4 - -6.0 2.5 1.9 1.5 0.9 3.4 Luxembourg 163 41 9 7 5.1 3.6 5.1 - 0.1 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.2 -1.7 Madagascar 25 364 168 158 2.6 0.9 27.1 -0.4 -2.0 6.6 6.4 5.7 0.1 1.7 Malawi 8 361 230 215 1.5 1.0 37.4 3.2 -0.2 6.9 7.3 6.7 -0.2 1.2 Malaysia 149 105 21 11 5.4 9.2 -8.0 4.7 6.1 6.8 3.8 3.3 1.9 2.0 Maldives 64 258 84 74 3.7 1.8 9.3 - 4.1 7.0 6.8 6.8 0.1 0.0 Mali 5 517 254 239 2.4 0.9 40.9 2.1x -0.2 7.1 7.1 6.7 0.0 0.8 Malta 154 42 14 10 3.7 4.8 2.4 - 3.1 3.4 2.1 2.1 1.6 0.0 Marshall Islands 54 - 92 92 - 0.0 13.5 - -4.0 - - - - - Mauritania 16 310 183 183 1.8 0.0 32.0 -0.1 1.7 6.5 5.6 5.1 0.5 1.3 Mauritius 123 92 25 23 4.3 1.2 10.7 3.7 3.6 5.8 2.3 2.3 3.1 0.0 Mexico 96 134 46 35 3.6 3.9 4.4 3.6 -0.3 6.9 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.8 Micronesia, Fed. States of 118 - 31 24 - 3.7 4.9 - -1.3 - 4.8 4.1 - 2.3 Moldova, Rep. of 102 88 37 31 2.9 2.5 7.6 - -16.8 3.3 2.4 1.8 1.1 4.1 Monaco 181 - - 5 - - - - - - - - - - Mongolia 27 185 150 150 0.7 0.0 25.4 - -2.3 6.0 4.2 3.3 1.2 3.4 Morocco 67 220 83 72 3.2 2.0 8.8 2.7 0.2 7.2 4.1 3.2 1.9 3.5 Mozambique 10 280 250 208 0.4 2.6 36.3 - 2.6 6.3 6.5 6.1 -0.1 0.9 Myanmar 42 252 130 114 2.2 1.9 16.3 1.6 3.9 6.0 3.9 3.3 1.4 2.4 Namibia 62 206 84 75 3.0 1.6 9.7 - 1.6 6.0 5.4 4.9 0.4 1.4 Nauru 103 - - 30 - - - - - - - - - - Nepal 48 297 138 104 2.6 4.0 13.2 - 2.3 5.8 5.6 5.0 0.1 1.6 Netherlands 171 22 8 6 3.4 4.1 4.1 2.7 1.8 3.1 1.6 1.6 2.2 0.0 New Zealand 163 26 11 7 2.9 6.5 -1.4 1.7 1.7 3.9 2.1 2.0 2.1 0.7 Nicaragua 71 209 75 57 3.4 3.9 4.4 -0.7 -0.2 7.3 4.7 3.9 1.5 2.7 Niger 1 320 320 320 0.0 0.0 50.7 -2.5 -2.3 7.3 7.6 7.1 -0.1 1.0 Nigeria 15 207 190 187 0.3 0.2 32.8 4.2 1.2 6.5 6.5 6.0 0.0 1.1 Niue - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Norway 188 23 9 4 3.1 11.6 -13.5 3.6 3.7 2.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 -0.8 Oman 138 280 30 18 7.4 7.3 -3.5 9.0 -0.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 0.0 0.0 Pakistan 33 226 138 136 1.6 0.2 22.1 1.8 1.1 6.9 5.8 5.1 0.6 1.8 Palau 98 - 34 34 - 0.0 13.5 - - - - - - - Panama 132 104 21 20 5.3 0.7 11.9 2.8 3.6 5.9 3.0 2.7 2.3 1.5 Papua New Guinea 43 204 112 112 2.0 0.0 15.7 - 5.0 6.3 5.1 4.7 0.7 1.2 Paraguay 99 90 37 33 3.0 1.6 9.7 4.1 -1.5 6.5 4.7 4.2 1.1 1.6 Peru 72 234 75 56 3.8 4.2 3.8 0.8 4.8 6.9 3.7 3.0 2.1 3.0 Philippines 88 110 63 41 1.9 6.1 -0.8 3.2 1.0 6.9 4.2 3.7 1.7 1.8 Poland 149 70 19 11 4.3 7.8 -4.8 - 3.3 3.0 2.0 1.7 1.4 2.3 Portugal 159 112 15 8 6.7 9.0 -7.4 4.6 1.5 3.1 1.6 1.5 2.2 0.9 Qatar 132 239 36 20 6.3 8.4 -6.1 - -5.1 7.0 4.4 3.8 1.5 2.1 Romania 114 82 32 26 3.1 3.0 6.6 - 0.1 2.3 1.9 1.4 0.6 4.4 Russian Federation 115 65 30 25 2.6 2.6 7.4 - -9.2 2.6 1.8 1.4 1.2 3.6 Rwanda 21 210 161 170 0.9 -0.8 29.6 1.6 -8.2 7.5 6.8 6.1 0.3 1.6 Saint Kitts and Ne 93 - 44 37 - 2.5 7.8 - 3.5 - 2.7 2.4 - 1.7 Saint Lucia 109 - 24 29 - -2.7 19.8 - 2.8 6.9 3.3 2.6 2.5 3.4 Saint Vincent/Grenadines 127 - 26 21 - 3.1 6.5 - 2.4 7.3 2.6 2.2 3.4 2.4 Samoa 76 210 62 52 4.1 2.5 7.7 - 0.1 8.3 4.5 3.8 2.0 2.4 San Marino 171 - 10 6 - 7.3 -3.7 - - - - - - - Sao Tome and Principe 59 - 90 78 - 2.0 8.7 - -1.7 - 5.1 4.7 - 1.2 Saudi Arabia 112 292 45 28 6.2 6.8 -2.3 4.0x -3.1 7.2 6.6 5.9 0.3 1.6 Senegal 36 300 147 124 2.4 2.4 19.1 -0.5 -0.6 7.0 6.3 5.7 0.4 1.4 Seychelles 138 - 21 18 - 2.2 8.4 - 1.5 - 2.8 2.4 - 2.2 Sierra Leone 2 390 323 316 0.6 0.3 50.2 0.7 -3.9 6.2 6.5 6.1 -0.2 0.9 Singapore 188 40 8 4 5.4 9.9 -9.4 8.3 6.6 5.5 1.8 1.8 3.7 0.0 Slovakia 149 40 15 11 3.3 4.4 3.2 - -1.2 3.1 2.0 1.5 1.5 4.1 Slovenia 171 45 9 6 5.4 5.8 0.0 - 4.4 2.4 1.5 1.3 1.6 2.0 Solomon Islands 112 185 36 28 5.5 3.6 5.1 - 1.3 6.4 5.6 5.0 0.4 1.6 Somalia 9 294 215 211 1.0 0.3 36.8 -0.1 -2.3x 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa 69 126 73 65 1.8 1.7 9.6 3.2 -0.2 6.5 4.2 3.8 1.5 1.4 Spain 181 57 9 5 6.2 8.4 -6.1 4.1 1.0 2.8 1.4 1.2 2.3 2.2 Sri Lanka 136 133 23 19 5.8 2.7 7.2 2.8 3.4 5.3 2.4 2.1 2.6 1.9 Sudan 41 210 125 115 1.7 1.2 16.5 0.8 0.6x 6.7 5.2 4.6 0.8 1.8 Suriname 103 96 38 30 3.1 3.4 5.7 - -0.3 6.6 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.2 Swaziland 52 233 115 94 2.4 2.9 9.8 - -1.2 6.5 5.1 4.5 0.8 1.8 Sweden 188 20 6 4 4.0 5.8 0.0 2.0 -0.2 2.3 2.0 1.8 0.5 1.5 Switzerland 181 27 8 5 4.1 6.7 -1.9 1.5 -1.0 2.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.0 Syria 99 201 44 33 5.1 4.1 4.0 5.1 4.3 7.3 5.7 4.1 0.8 4.7 Tajikistan 61 140 78 76 1.9 0.4 12.6 - -18.5 6.3 4.9 4.0 0.8 2.9 Tanzania 30 240 150 143 1.6 0.7 23.8 0.8 -0.2 6.8 6.1 5.5 0.4 1.5 TFYR Macedonia 123 177 41 23 4.9 8.3 -5.7 - -8.5 4.2 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.1 Thailand 92 148 41 38 4.3 1.1 11.0 4.4 6.7 6.4 2.3 1.8 3.4 3.5 Togo 35 267 142 125 2.1 1.8 19.3 1.7 -3.9 6.6 6.6 6.1 0.0 1.1 Tonga 123 - 27 23 - 2.3 8.2 - 2.0 - 4.2 4.0 - 0.7 Trinidad and Tobago 141 73 24 17 3.7 4.9 2.0 3.1 0.1 5.1 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.5 Tunisia 99 254 52 33 5.3 6.5 -1.7 4.7 1.3 7.1 3.6 3.0 2.3 2.6 Turkey 81 219 70 45 3.8 6.3 -1.2 3.6 1.7 6.3 3.2 2.5 2.3 3.5 Turkmenistan 59 150 80 78 2.1 0.4 12.7 - -13.1 6.4 4.3 3.6 1.3 2.5 Tuvalu 72 - 56 56 - 0.0 13.5 - - - - - - - Uganda 31 224 165 137 1.0 2.7 22.4 -2.2 4.0 6.9 7.1 7.1 -0.1 0.0 Ukraine 118 53 24 24 2.6 0.0 13.5 - -13.5 2.2 1.8 1.4 0.7 3.6 United Arab Emirates 154 223 14 10 9.2 4.8 2.4 - -4.8 6.9 4.2 3.5 1.7 2.6 United Kingdom 163 27 9 7 3.7 3.6 5.1 2.0 1.5 2.7 1.8 1.7 1.4 0.8 United States 159 30 10 8 3.7 3.2 5.9 1.8 1.2 3.5 2.0 2.0 1.9 0.0 Uruguay 127 56 24 21 2.8 1.9 9.1 2.5 3.8 2.9 2.4 2.3 0.6 0.6 Uzbekistan 70 122 63 60 2.2 0.7 11.9 - -5.6 6.3 4.1 3.5 1.4 2.3 Vanuatu 77 225 70 50 3.9 4.8 2.3 - -1.1 7.2 4.8 4.4 1.4 1.2 Venezuela 115 75 27 25 3.4 1.1 11.0 2.3 -0.3 6.6 3.5 3.0 2.1 2.2 Viet Nam 86 219 55 43 4.6 3.5 5.3 - 6.2 6.1 3.8 3.0 1.6 3.4 Yemen 49 340 129 100 3.2 3.6 11.9 - -2.2 7.6 7.6 7.6 0.0 0.0 Yugoslavia 127 120 30 21 4.6 5.1 1.6 - - 2.7 2.1 1.8 0.8 2.2 Zambia 12 213 192 202 0.3 -0.7 35.3 -1.2 -4.8 6.6 6.2 5.5 0.2 1.7 Zimbabwe 58 159 81 80 2.2 0.2 13.1 1.7 -1.1 7.5 5.4 4.7 1.1 2.0 Regional summaries Sub-Saharan Africa 257 180 170 1.2 0.8 30.4 2.8 -0.4 6.6 6.3 5.9 0.2 1.1 Middle East and North Africa 241 74 62 3.9 2.7 9.1 3.1 0.4 7.1 5.1 4.4 1.1 2.2 South Asia 239 135 116 1.9 2.1 17.2 1.4 3.3 6.1 4.0 3.4 1.4 2.3 East Asia and Pacific 201 58 52 4.1 1.6 10.3 4.9 8.1 5.8 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.4 Latin America and Caribbea 154 53 41 3.5 3.8 5.3 4.0 2.1 6.0 3.2 2.7 2.1 2.3 CEE/CIS and Baltic States 101 42 35 3.0 2.4 6.3 - -4.4 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.0 3.0 Industrialized countries 37 9 7 4.7 4.5 3.1 2.9 1.1 2.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 0.5 Developing countries 216 104 96 2.4 1.2 18.7 3.7 4.0 6.0 3.6 3.1 1.8 1.9 Least developed countries 281 182 168 1.4 1.1 29.3 -0.1 0.0 6.6 5.8 5.3 0.4 1.2 World 192 94 87 2.4 1.1 18.4 3.1 1.5 5.0 3.2 2.8 1.5 1.7 Countries in each region are listed in the Regional summaries country list. Definitions of the indicators Under-five mortality rate -- Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births. GNP per capita -- Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes that are not included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary income from non-resident sources. GNP per capita is the gross national product, converted to United States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the mid-year population. Total fertility rate -- The number of children that would be born per woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates. Average annual rate of reduction required 1997-2000 -- The average annual reduction rate required, for the period 1997-2000, to achieve an under-five mortality rate in the year 2000 of 70 per 1000 live births or two thirds the 1990 rate, whichever is less. Main data sources Under-five mortality -- United Nations Population Division, United Nations Statistics Division and UNICEF. GNP per capita -- World Bank. Fertility -- United Nations Population Division. Notes - Data not available. x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading, differ from the standard definition, or refer to only part of a country. Regional summaries country list Regional averages given at the end of each table are calculated using data from the countries as grouped below. Sub-Saharan Africa Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Congo; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe Middle East and North Africa Algeria; Bahrain; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Syria; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen South Asia Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka East Asia and Pacific Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Cook Islands; Fiji; Indonesia; Kiribati; Korea, Dem. People's Rep.; Korea, Rep. of; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Micronesia, Fed. States of; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nauru; Niue; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam Latin America and Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Rep.; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent/Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Venezuela CEE/CIS and Baltic States Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Rep.; Estonia; Georgia; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova, Rep. of; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Tajikistan; TFYR Macedonia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia Industrialized countries Andorra; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Holy See; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Monaco; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; San Marino; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United States Developing countries Afghanistan; Algeria; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Chile; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba; Cyprus; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Rep.; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Fiji; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana; Grenada; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jamaica; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Dem. People's Rep.; Korea, Rep. of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Marshall Islands; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico; Micronesia, Fed. States of; Mongolia; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru; Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Qatar; Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent/Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Swaziland; Syria; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Tuvalu; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe Least developed countries Afghanistan; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Kiribati; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Rwanda; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo; Tuvalu; Uganda; Vanuatu; Yemen; Zambia |