Counter visits from more than 160  countries and 1400 universities (details)

The political economy of development
This academic site promotes excellence in teaching and researching economics and development, and the advancing of describing, understanding, explaining and theorizing.
About us- Castellano- Français - Dedication
Home- Themes- Reports- Statistics/Search- Lecture notes/News- People's Century- Puro Chile- Mapuche



On Planning for Development: the case of  People's Republic of China                  Editor: Róbinson Rojas Sandford
Mao Zedong selected works The Cultural Revolution Taiwan China: official information  Lewis Growth Model and China
Read on Economic Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and Corruption in China
 
Jason Young - 2010
Managing the Lewis Transition in China and India: the end of development models?

The economic rise of China and India provides a unique opportunity to compare the role of internal labour flows in the development of two nations with agricultural populations of unprecedented scale. This paper puts forward a comparison of the formal institutional arrangements of China‟s huji institution and the arrangements that shape labour migration and segmentation in India. It finds that contrary to arguments in favour of the end of development models, in China formal institutional arrangements continue to shape the development process and act as intervening variables distorting the push-pull and transition forces outlined by economic models of migration such as the Lewis Transition whilst in India this process remains predominantly informal. It concludes that formal institutional arrangements shape labour migration and therefore constitute an important feature of each nation‟s development model but that these arrangements also differ suggesting a partial explanation for China and India‟s divergent economic trajectories.


M. E. Ercolani and Zheng Wei - 2010
An empirical analysis of the Lewis-Ranis-Fei theory of dualistic economic development for China

We employ the Lewis-Ranis-Fei theory of dualistic economic development as a framework to investigate China’s rapid growth over 1965-2002. We find that China’s economic growth is mainly attributable to the development of the non-agricultural (industrial and service) sector, driven by rapid labour migration and capital accumulation. Our estimates of the sectoral marginal productivity of labour indicate that China’s 1978 Economic Reform coincided with moving from phase one to phase two growth, as defined in the Lewis-Ranis-Fei model. This implies that phase three growth could be achieved by the commercialisation of the Chinese agricultural labour market.


John Knight, Deng Quheng and Li Shi - 2010
The puzzle of migrant labour shortage and rural labour surplus in China

The paper examines the contentious issue of the extent of surplus labour that remains in China. China was an extreme example of a surplus labour economy, but the rapid economic growth during the period of economic reform requires a reassessment of whether the second stage of the Lewis model has been reached or is imminent. The literature is inconclusive. On the one hand, there are reports of migrant labour scarcity and rising migrant wages; on the other hand, estimates suggest that a considerable pool of relatively unskilled labour is still available in the rural sector. Yet the answer has far-reaching developmental and distributional implications. After reviewing the literature, the paper uses the 2002 and 2007 national household surveys of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to analyse and explain migrant wage behaviour, to predict the determinants of migration, and to examine the size and nature of the pool of potential rural-urban migrants. An attempt is also made to project the rural and urban labour force and migration forward to 2020, on the basis of the 2005 one per cent Population Survey. The paper concludes that for institutional reasons both phenomena are likely to coexist at present and for some time in the future.


Huang Yiping and Jiang Tingsong - 2010
What does the Lewis Turning Point mean for China? A computable general equilibrium analysis

We apply a computable general equilibrium framework to assess likely impacts of the Lewis Turning Point on China and the rest of the world. Modeling results suggest that China will probably transition from an abnormal economy to a normal economy with somewhat lower growth but higher inflation, which requires significant revision to the macroeconomic policy framework. China would lose competitiveness in labor-intensive activities, its current account surplus should fall but overinvestment risk could rise. These changes in China should help improve other countries' current accounts and boost low-cost countries' production. The Lewis Turning Point, however, does not provide automatic solutions to some of the key challenges, such as service sector development and innovation capability. China will need to make serious policy efforts to avoid the so-called 'middle income trap'.


Fang Cai - 2008
Approaching a triumphal span. How far is China towards its Lewisian Turning Point?

With the aid of an analytical framework of the Lewis model revised to reflect the experience of China, this paper examines the country’s dualistic economic development and its unique characteristics. The paper outlines the major effects of China’s growth as achieved during the course of economic reform and the opening-up of the country: the exploitation of the demographic dividend, the realization of comparative advantage, the improvement of total factor productivity, and participation in economic globalization. By predicting the long-term relationship between the labour force demand and supply, the paper reviews the approaching turning point in China’s economic development and examines a host of challenges facing the country in sustaining growth


Xiaobing Wang and Nick Weaver - 2011
Surplus labour and Lewis Turning Points in China

It has been widely recognized that China has had a large pool of surplus labour. However, despite its significant implications for wage levels and the Chinese economy, the current debates yield conflicting results as to whether the Lewis turning point has been reached. This paper clarifies a theoretical issue about the mechanisms of surplus labour absorption, subsequently indentifies two Lewis turning points, and examines the factors that affect the reaching of these two Lewis turning points. It then applies the framework to China to study the labour absorption process and examines the implications of the removal of the Hukou system in terms of welfare and economic performance.


Nazrul Islam and Kazuhiko Yokota - 2008
Lewis Growth Model and China's Industrialisation- (second draft)

This paper examines China’s industrialization in the light of the Lewis growth model. It begins with a perusal of Lewis’ own writings and those of Fei and Ranis in order to clarify certain assumptions and predictions of the Lewis model. The paper then reviews previous applications of the Lewis model in studying industrialization in other countries, and notes the methodological problems that arise in this regard. In applying the Lewis model to study China’s industrialization, the paper focuses on the dynamic relationship between wage and marginal product of labor in the traditional sector. For this purpose, the paper estimates a production function for China’s agriculture sector using province level data and compares the estimated marginal product of labor with the corresponding wage of this sector. The results show that the marginal product has been increasing (from below) at a faster pace than the wage, as is predicted by the Lewis model. The results indicate that China as a whole is steadily moving toward the Lewis Turning Point.


Kazuhiko Yokota and Nazrul Islam - 2005
Lewis Growth Model and China's Industrialisation - (first draft)

This paper examines China’s development experience in the light of Lewis’s growth model. It first peruses Lewis’s own writings and those of Fei and Ranis in order to identify the main predictions of the Lewis’s model. The paper next considers the problems that arise in checking the validity of these predictions in general and in the particular case of China. Finally the paper examines actual Chinese data. In particular it examines whether Chinese wage data conform to the Lewis’s prediction regarding the long-term shape of the wage curve. Overall the findings tend to support the predictions of the Lewis model, though there remain many issues that need to be further investigated.


Xiabo Zhang, Jin Yang and Shenglin Wang - 2010
China has reached the Lewis Turning Point

In the past several years, labor shortages in China have become an issue. However, there is heated debate as to whether China has passed the Lewis turning point and moved from a period of unlimited supply to a new era of labor shortage. Most empirical studies on this topic focus on estimation of total labor supply and demand. Yet the poor quality of China’s labor statistics leaves the debate open. In this paper, China’s position along the Lewis continuum is examined though primary surveys of wage rates, which offer a more reliable statistic than employment data. Our results show a clear rising trend in real wage rates since 2003. The acceleration of real wages even in slack seasons indicates that the era of surplus labor is over. This finding has important policy implications for China’s future development.


Mitali Das and Papa N'Diaye - 2013
Chronicle of a Decline Foretold: has China reached the Lewis Turning Point?

China is on the eve of a demographic shift that will have profound consequences on its economic and social landscape. Within a few years the working age population will reach a historical peak, and then begin a precipitous decline. This fact, along with anecdotes of rapidly rising migrant wages and episodic labor shortages, has raised questions about whether China is poised to cross the Lewis Turning Point, a point at which it would move from a vast supply of low-cost workers to a labor shortage economy. Crossing this threshold will have far-reaching implications for both China and the rest of the world. This paper empirically assesses when the transition to a labor shortage economy is likely to occur. Our central result is that on current trends, the Lewis Turning Point will emerge between 2020 and 2025. Alternative scenarios—with higher fertility, greater labor participation rates, financial reform or higher productivity—may peripherally delay or accelerate the onset of the turning point, but demographics will be the dominant force driving the depletion of surplus labor.


John Knight - 2007 China, South Africa and the Lewis Model

The paper uses the Lewis model as a framework for examining the labour market progress of two labour-abundant countries, China and South Africa, towards labour shortage and generally rising labour real incomes. In the acuteness of their rural-urban divides, forms of migrant labour, rapid rural-urban migration, and high and rising real wages in the formal sector, the two economies are surprisingly similar. They differ, however, in the dynamism of their formal sector growth of output and employment, and in the growth of their labour forces. Whereas China - a labour-surplus economy par excellence despite unemployment until recently taking only a disguised form - is moving rapidly in the direction of labour scarcity, South Africa - which historically has been short of labour - is moving towards increased labour surplus in the form of open unemployment. The paper draws on research previously conducted by the author in separate research projects on the two countries.


Andour Zhu and Wuanhuan Cai - 2012
The Lewis Turning Point in China and its impact on the world economy

On the basis of perusing Lewis’s own writings and his followers’ works on the Lewis economic growth model, this paper adjusts the meaning of the Lewis turning point (LTP) according to China’s specific institutional system and economic reality: the Lewis turning point is a period of time rather than a time point; and undergoing the LTP is considered as a trend or process of development, during which the supply of labor decreases and the cost of labor increases. With the passing of the LTP, China will not promote its economic growth with a cheap and unlimited labor force; the labor-intensive export oriented economy should be altered, independent technology innovation should be promoted, and industry structure should be adjusted. Changes and transitions in China’s economy will have great significance to the world economy, and the impacts are estimated in the paper with Cambridge-Alphametrics Model (CAM) initially developed by the University of Cambridge. The arrival of the LTP also means China needs to make serious policy efforts to realize the transformation of its economic development pattern, and to avoid the so-called “middle-income trap”.


Cai Fang, 2000
The invisible hand and visible feet: internal migration in China

As a part of traditional planned economy, population migration and labor mobility in China were strictly controlled by the authorities before the 1980s. To be more precise, cross-regional migration was controlled by public security departments and it was almost impossible to make any rural-urban migration without authoritative plans or official agreement; Industrial transfer of labor force was controlled by departments of labor and personnel management, and there was no free labor market at all. But the most strictly controlled were the transfer from rural to urban areas, and from farmers tonon-agricultural workers. This control has functioned through the Household Registration System (Hukou System), a typical Chinese registration system of permanent residence that segregates rural and urban areas strictly.


The second generation of migrant workers
Year 2005

Peripheral Citizens -- The 2nd Generation Migrant Worker - December 31
Towards True Urbanization - December 28
China's Floating Citizens - December 27
1 Million Migrant Workers in Shanghai Join Trade Unions - December 16
East China Migrant Workers Seek Spouses Through Haste Marriage - December 16
Equal Opportunities for Education - November 29
Rise in Rural Divorces - November 29
Migrant Workers Struck in Loosening Wedlock - November 25
Cities Urged to Open Wider to Migrant Workers - November 18
Migrant Workers Becoming Rural Middle Class - November 15
'Small Potatoes' Help Keep Order - November 02
Mobiles Better Migrant Workers' Lives - October 21
Migrant Workers Barred from Tourist Resort - October 19
Name, But Do Not Shame, Migrant Workers - October 10
Specific Migrant Workers' Rights Reg Issued - September 16
Outstanding Migrant Workers Praised - September 13
Hangzhou's Migrant Workers to Get Resident Status by 2010 - September 12
Long, Hard Road to Retrieve Defaulted Wages - July 17
Guangdong to Adopt New Laws to Protect Workers' Rights - June 03
Urban, Rural Children as Equals - June 01
Nation Seeks Inter-provincial Labor Cooperation - June 01
Chinese Construction Workers Join Trade Unions - May 30
Migrants Search for a New Life - April 27
Migrants Learn About Legal Rights - April 19
China issues white paper on employment
Beijing.-(26 April 2004).- The 13,290-word White Paper in square Chinese characters notes that China has a population of nearly 1.3 billion, and therefore, to solve the employment issue in the country is a strenuous, arduous and pressing task.
In Detail  |  Full Text  |  China's employment problem

China moves to raise employment in rural areas
National Bureau of Statistics of China:
Agency Information - Laws & Regulations
Statistical Standards - Survey programs
Statistical Indicators - New Release - Statistical Data
International Cooperation - News and coming events
Related links
China Internet Information Center:
National Economic and Social Development 2003 - Focus on Constitutional Amendment - China: Facts and Figures - China Statistics - That Was the Year That Was (2003) - "Three Represents" - Government White Papers - Press Conferences - China News and Report - National Development Zones - Development of China's Market Economy - Profits of industrial enterprises - White Papers of the Government - Investment in China FAQ - WTO China Updates - China's Religious Affairs - Leading Universities in China - China's First Manned Space Flight
China's Employment Situation and Policies
China At a Glance
Constitution of the PRC
CPC and State Organs
Chinese Leadership
White Papers of Chinese Government
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping
English Websites in China
Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Several Major Issues Concerning Agriculture and Rural Work (October 14, 1998)
What will farmers grow in 1999?
Fu Chen/J. Davis:Land reform in China since de mid-1980s

Back to China main section
China Statistical Yearbook

Education for Sustainability
Postgraduate courses on
Environment and
Development Education at
London South Bank University


- Part time distance learning
- Full time at the University

- Come visit us at www.lsbu.ac.uk/efs

- Notes for lectures
- Notes and papers

- Globalization
- Global Value Chains
- Integrated International
---Production

- International Division of
---Production

- Transnational Corporations
- The Triad ( U.S.A, Japan, E.U.)


- Dependency Theory
- Planning for Development
- The Developmental State
- The Neo-liberal State
- Development Economics
- The future of development
--economics

- Foreign Direct Investment
- Factor Payments to Abroad
- The New Economy in
--development

- International Trade


Back to Global Economic Prospects for Develeping Countries

--World Development Indicators
---(the complete series)

--World Development Reports
---(the complete series)

-- Selected World Development
--- Indicators (the complete series)

--World Investment Reports
---(the complete series)

--World Investment Reports
---(selected statistics)

-- Planning for Development

UNCTAD areas of work:
Globalization and Development
Development of Africa
Least Developed Countries
Landlocked Developing Countries
Small Island Developing States
International Trade and
Commodities

Services Infrastructure
Investment, Technology and
Enterprise Development


The following databases on-line are available:
Commodity Price Statistics
Foreign Direct Investment
Handbook of Statistics
ICT Statistics
Millennium Indicators
TRAINS

Digital Library:
-- News
-- Main publications
-- UNCTAD Series
-- Basic documents
-- Issues in Brief
-- Newsletters
-- Statistical databases
-- Globalization and
----- Development Strategies

-- Economic Development in
----- Africa

-- International trade
-- Dispute Settlement - Course
----- Modules

-- Investment, Technology and
-----Enterprise Development

-- Services Infrastructure for
--- Development and Trade
----- Efficiency

-- Monographs on Port
----- Management

-- Technical Cooperation
-- Discussion papers
-- G-24 Discussion papers
-- Prebisch Lectures
-- Transnational Corporations
----- Journal

-- Publications Survey 2006-
-----2007



Search:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
World indicators on the environment

World Energy Statistics - Time Series

Economic inequality


Other related themes:
- Aid
- Bureaucracy
- Debt
- Decentralization
- Dependency theory
- Development
- Development Economics
- Economic Policies
- Employment/Unemployment
- Foreign Direct Investment
- Gender
- Human Rights
- Human Development
- Hunger
- Inequality/social exclusion
- Informal sector
- Labour Market
- Microfinance
- Migration
- Poverty
- Privatization
- PRSP
- State/Civil Society/
---Development

- Sustainable Development
- Transnational Corporations
- Urbanization

- Complete list of development themes
...


Puro Chile la memoria del pueblo
Proyecto para el Primer Siglo Popular
English
Français

Director: Róbinson Rojas
De New Left Review:

Qin Hui: Campesinado y privatización en la China actual

¿Adónde se dirige la República Popular China? Uno de sus intelectuales más iconoclastas, tras describir sus orígenes al calor de la Revolución Cultural, ofrece una consistente y ambiciosa perspectiva comparativa sobre la estrategia del Estado chino respecto a los problemas de la propiedad de la tierra y de la actividad industrial. ¿Qué destino aguarda al campesinado chino tras la incorporación del país a la Organización Mundial del Comercio?


De El Militante - 22 Diciembre 2004
El capitalismo significa guerra contra la clase obrera
Por Heiko Khoo
Detrás del boom de la economía china se ocultan enormes contradicciones, una próxima crisis y el precio terrible que pagará la clase obrera por la economía de mercado.
----------------------------------
Libro blanco sobre la situación y política de China respecto al empleo
El empleo constituye lo fundamental para la vida del pueblo y condición previa y vía básicas del pueblo para el mejoramiento de su vida. China tiene una población de cerca de 1.300 millones de personas y es el país con más numerosa población del mundo. Enfrenta tareas pesadas, duras y urgentes en cuanto a la solución del problema de empleo.(Más)
Centro Internet de Información sobre China
Organos estatales de la República Popular China
Sistema judicial de China
Sistema politico de China
Libros blancos del gobierno chino
Los Hutongs de Beijing
Hechos y cifras 2003
Hechos y cifras 2002
Hechos y cifras 2001
China ABC 2003
China ABC 2002
China ABC
Beijing Informa

Información de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas en Beijing:
Economía
|Agricultura | Industria y construcción |Inversión en activos fijos |Transporte, correos y telecomunicaciones |Finanzas, valores y seguros |Comercio interior | Economía hacia el exterior |Aumenta continuamente la competitividad empresarial

Producto Interno Bruto

Total de Ingresos y Egresos Fiscales del Estado y Tasa de Crecimiento

Rendimiento Per Cápita de los Principales Productos Industriales y Agrícolas

Empleo

Nivel e Indice de Consumo de los Habitantes

Saldo de Deudas Externas

Composición de Desempleados Urbanos por Razones de Desempleo y por Edades
Generalidades
Depósitos de Ahorro en las Zonas Urbanas y Rurales (Fin de Año)
Número de Mercancías de Consumo Durables
Por 100 Familias Rurales a Fin de Año
Superficie Habitacional Completada y Condiciones
Habitacionales de los Residentes Urbanos y Rurales
Condiciones Habitacionales de las Familias Rurales
Ingreso Anual Per Cápita de las Familias Urbanas y
Rurales y el Indice Relacionado
Condiciones Básicas de las Familias Urbanas
Compras Anuales de Principales Mercancías Per Cápita en las Familias Urbanas
Número de Principales Mercancías de Consumo Durables
Por Cada 100 Familias Urbanas a Fin de Año
Estadísticas Básicas sobre las Entidades Públicas Urbanas
Número de Vehículos Privados
Estadísticas Básicas sobre Fondos de Bienestar y Socorro Sociales
Personas Receptoras de Subsidios o Fondos de Socorro
Estadísticas Básicas de los Sindicatos
Número de Matrimonios y Divorcios
Estadísticas Básicas sobre Abogados, Notariado y Mediación
Superficie Construida de Edificios Mediante la Construcción Básica
Venta de Viviendas Comerciales
Egresos Gubernamentales para las Pensiones y el Bienestar Social
Datos Básicos sobre la Seguridad Social
Composición de los Ingresos y Gastos de los Habitantes Urbanos y Rurales


Puro Chile la mémoire du peuple
Projet pour le Premier Siècle Populaire
Castellano
English

Editeur: Róbinson Rojas













Information Internet sur la Chine
Les grottes de Huashan
Hutongs de Beijing
Grippe aviaire
Les évènements majeurs en 2003
Les fêtes traditionnelles chinoises
Les deux rives du détroit de Taiwan
Connaissances générales sur la Chine
Chine: faits et chiffres 2003
La structure de l'Etat
Le régime législatif de Chine
Le régime politique chinois
Le système judiciaire chinois
Livres blancs du gouvernement chinoise
Beijing Information
Publication du livre blanc « L'emploi en Chine : situation et politique »
Le Bureau de l'information du Conseil des affaires d'Etat a publié le 26 avril le livre blanc « L'emploi en Chine : situation et politique ». C'est le premier livre blanc publié par la Chine sur la situation et la politique de l'emploi.