International Comparisons of Manufacturing Productivity
and Unit Labor Cost Trends, 1997
Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov USDL: 98-393
Technical information: (202) 606-5654 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 606-5902 Friday, September 25, 1998
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1997
Productivity growth in the United States was slower than in five of the
nine foreign economies for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor, has productivity data. Productivity growth rates
were highest in France and Sweden. Manufacturing productivity (output
per hour) in the United States increased 4.6 percent in 1997, about the
same as in 1996. (See table A and chart 1.)
Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 1997
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
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Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce one unit
of output - declined 1 percent in the United States in 1997. Unit labor
costs, expressed in national currency units, also fell in more than half
of the 12 foreign economies for which data are available. The largest
drop, nearly 5 percent, occurred in Korea. As in 1996, Italy, Norway
and the United Kingdom were among the economies with the largest
increases in unit labor costs in 1997. (See table A).
Unit labor costs can be computed either as labor cost in nominal terms
divided by real output or, equivalently, as hourly labor cost divided by
output per hour.
An increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of labor
input needed to produce a unit of output; thus, an increase in
productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its
effects on unit labor costs. Although hourly compensation increased
3.5 percent in the United States in 1997, unit labor costs declined
because the rise in hourly compensation was more than offset by an
increase of 4.6 percent in productivity.
In 1997, changes in relative currency values played a large role
in international competitiveness, as measured by unit labor costs
converted into U.S. dollars. Currency values relative to the U.S. dollar
depreciated in all of the foreign economies except the United Kingdom.
Sharply depreciating currencies drove down unit labor costs on a U.S.
dollar basis more than 10 percent in seven of the foreign economies,
and all of the economies except the United Kingdom had declining
unit labor costs when adjusted for currency movements. (See chart 2.)
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Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S.
dollar basis), 1997
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
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The 1997 measures of changes in manufacturing productivity, unit
labor costs, and related variables are summarized in table A below.
Output and unit labor cost data are presented for all 13 economies.
Comparable productivity data are not available for Korea and Taiwan.
Productivity data for Denmark are not shown because the Danish national
statistical agency has not produced recent data on hours worked. (See
technical notes.) No 1997 data are available for the Netherlands.
Table A. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs in 13 countries
or areas
Percent change, 1996-97
Output Hourly Unit labor costs
Country per Employ- Average compen- National U.S. Exchange
or area hour Output Hours ment Hours sation currency dollars Rate(1)
United States 4.6 5.7 1.1 0.5 0.6 3.5 - 1.0 - 1.0 ---
Canada 2.7 6.1 3.3 3.2 .1 2.7 - .1 - 1.6 - 1.5
Japan 6.1 5.3 - .8 - .2 - .6 3.1 - 2.9 -12.7 -10.1
Korea (2) NA 6.2 NA NA NA NA - 4.7 -19.4 -15.4
Taiwan (2) NA 6.7 NA NA NA NA - 1.1 - 5.6 - 4.5
Belgium 5.6 4.5 - 1.0 - 1.2 .2 2.1 - 3.3 -16.4 -13.5
Denmark (3) NA 4.4 NA 1.4 NA NA 1.0 -11.3 -12.2
France 6.8 5.0 - 1.7 - 1.3 - .5 2.9 - 3.6 -15.6 -12.4
Germany (4) 5.9 3.4 - 2.3 - 2.5 .2 2.3 - 3.4 -16.2 -13.3
Italy 2.7 2.3 - .3 - .7 .4 4.9 2.1 - 7.5 - 9.5
Norway .6 3.1 2.4 2.7 - .3 4.5 3.9 - 5.3 - 8.8
Sweden 6.5 5.5 - 1.0 - 1.1 .1 4.3 - 2.1 -14.1 -12.2
United Kingdom .9 1.5 .5 .4 .1 3.9 2.9 8.0 4.9
(1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
(2) Productivity not available because adequate labor input measures
have not been developed.
(3) Labor input data have not been produced for 1994-1997 by the Danish
national statistical agency.
(4) Data relate to the former West Germany.
NA=Not Available.
Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons
employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions
of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint
effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment,
capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the
skills and efforts of the work force.
Table B (pages 6-10) shows average annual percent changes for selected
periods beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables
1-14 (pages 16-29).
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Notes about the measures
The measures in this news release are based on data available to BLS as
of July 1998.
The U.S. manufacturing output measure
The output measure for the United States is the chain-weighted index of
real gross product originating (deflated value-added), introduced by the
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in August 1996. This series is based
on annually changing price weights.
The U.S. output data through 1996 were published by BEA in November 1997.
The data incorporate the results of the comprehensive revision of the
national income and product accounts (NIPA's) released in May 1997; the
estimates for 1993-96 also incorporate the results of the annual NIPA
revisions released in July 1997. For more information, see
Sherlene K. S. Lum and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Gross Product by
Industry, 1947-96," Survey of Current Business, November 1997, pp. 20-27.
The estimate of output for 1997 was derived by BLS by extrapolating the
1996 estimate forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal
Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing.
The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from
the manufacturing series that BLS publishes in its news releases on
quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. While both series
are based on annually-changing price weights, the quarterly U.S.
manufacturing series is on a "sectoral" output basis rather than on a
value added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-
sector transactions. (See William Gullickson, "Measurement of
productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review,
July 1995, pp. 13-28.)
Revised Canadian data
All of the Canadian data series used in these estimates incorporate revisions made
available to BLS in July by Statistics Canada. One result was large changes in the
total employment data.
Productivity, output, and labor input
The U.S. productivity growth rate was 4.6 percent in 1997, reflecting a 5.7
percent increase in output and a 1.1 percent increase in hours worked. Many of the
foreign economies had a similar experience: Output increases provided most of the
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productivity growth, with modest changes in hours worked partially offsetting or
slightly augmenting the output increases. The exceptions were Canada and Norway,
where productivity rates grew at less than half the rate of output because of
increases in hours.
Strong output growth was the rule in 1997, as all the economies except Korea
outpaced their 1996 performances. For Korea, output grew at a strong 6.2 percent
rate in 1997, off slightly from its 1996 increase of 7.5 percent. For only the
second time since 1985, manufacturing output did not decline in any of the economies
studied. The 5.7 percent output increase in the United States was within one
percentage point of the largest increases, which occurred in Canada, Korea, and
Taiwan. Most of the remaining economies posted moderate output growth in the 3 to 5
percent range, with only Italy and the United Kingdom failing to reach that level.
Labor input is measured by total hours worked in manufacturing. For the fifth
consecutive year, Canada and Norway increased labor input by 1-1/2 percent or more;
these are the only two economies that have increased hours worked from 1990 levels.
In contrast, the 2.3 percent decline in hours worked in Germany was the smallest drop
in that country in the past five years. Since 1990, German manufacturing hours have
fallen more than 20 percent.
Hourly compensation and unit labor costs
Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing - which include wages and salaries,
supplements, and employer payments for social security and other employer-financed
benefit plans - rose 3.5 percent in the United States in 1997, marking the third
consecutive year that the increase in hourly compensation was greater than the
previous year's increase. The U.S. increase in hourly compensation fell in the
middle of the range of economies, with the largest increase in Italy and the
smallest in Belgium.
For the fourth consecutive year in 1997, U.S. productivity grew at a faster
rate than hourly compensation, resulting in declining unit labor costs. In seven of
the foreign economies, unit labor costs fell faster than the U.S. rate of -1.0
percent.
Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars
Changes in currency values relative to the U.S. dollar can have an important
effect on changes in competitiveness, as measured by U.S. dollar-based unit labor
costs. In 1997, the values of all but three currencies declined at least 8 percent
relative to the dollar, and only the British pound increased in value.
Because of the large foreign currency depreciations, all economies with
declining currencies had unit labor costs that declined at a faster rate than in the
United States, measured in dollar terms. Unit labor costs dipped more than 15
percent in Belgium, France, Germany, and Korea and by at least 5 percent elsewhere
except in Canada and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the strong pound
helped push U.K. unit labor costs up 8 percent. (See chart 2).
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Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-97
Average annual rates of change(1)
Country 1979-97 1979-85 1985-90 1990-97 1994 1995 1996 1997
or area
Output per hour
United States 3.1 3.3 2.2 3.7 5.9 6.5 4.4 4.6
Canada 1.9 2.3 1.2 2.0 2.3 2.5 -1.6 2.7
Japan 3.6 3.5 4.3 3.2 1.3 7.4 2.3 6.1
Korea NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Taiwan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Belgium 3.7 6.1 2.3 2.7 5.7 - .5 1.1 5.6
Denmark NA 2.1 .5 NA NA NA NA NA
France 3.3 3.0 3.4 3.5 8.5 3.6 3.1 6.8
Germany(2) 2.5 2.0 2.2 3.2 7.2 3.7 4.2 5.9
Italy 3.7 4.9 2.6 3.4 2.8 6.0 .4 2.7
Netherlands NA 4.4 1.9 NA 12.0 4.8 2.5 NA
Norway 1.6 2.4 1.4 .9 .8 .5 .6 .6
Sweden 3.4 3.0 1.8 5.0 8.8 5.4 2.5 6.5
United Kingdom 3.8 4.4 4.6 2.7 3.4 -1.5 -1.3 .9
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Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-97--continued
Average annual rates of change(1)
Country 1979-97 1979-85 1985-90 1990-97 1994 1995 1996 1997
or area
Output
United States 2.7 2.0 2.2 3.6 8.4 6.7 3.9 5.7
Canada 2.0 1.4 1.8 2.5 6.4 4.9 1.1 6.1
Japan 3.6 4.7 4.8 1.7 - .7 5.5 2.6 5.3
Korea 9.6 8.8 13.2 7.7 10.5 10.8 7.5 6.2
Taiwan 6.6 8.1 7.0 5.0 5.7 6.0 4.5 6.7
Belgium 2.0 2.6 2.6 1.1 4.5 3.1 .2 4.5
Denmark 1.5 2.9 - .2 1.5 1.2 5.0 2.9 4.4
France 1.1 - .4 2.6 1.2 5.3 3.9 2.1 5.0
Germany(2) .6 .2 2.3 - .3 1.8 .9 - .5 3.4
Italy 2.1 1.7 4.0 1.1 5.4 5.6 -1.3 2.3
Netherlands NA 1.8 3.0 NA 6.1 3.2 1.5 NA
Norway .5 .6 -1.6 2.0 3.9 2.1 2.3 3.1
Sweden 2.4 2.2 1.2 3.5 14.1 12.5 2.2 5.5
United Kingdom .8 -1.2 3.4 .6 4.7 1.7 .3 1.5
Total hours
United States -0.4 -1.2 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.3 -0.5 1.1
Canada .1 - .8 .6 .5 4.0 2.4 2.7 3.3
Japan .0 1.1 .5 -1.4 -2.0 -1.8 .2 - .8
Korea NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Taiwan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Belgium -1.6 -3.3 .2 -1.5 -1.1 3.7 -1.0 -1.0
Denmark NA .8 - .6 NA NA NA NA NA
France -2.2 -3.3 - .8 -2.2 -2.9 .3 - .9 -1.7
Germany(2) -1.9 -1.8 .2 -3.4 -5.0 -2.8 -4.5 -2.3
Italy -1.5 -3.1 1.3 -2.2 2.6 - .4 -1.7 - .3
Netherlands NA -2.5 1.1 NA -5.3 -1.5 -1.0 NA
Norway -1.0 -1.8 -2.9 1.0 3.1 1.5 1.7 2.4
Sweden -1.0 - .8 - .5 -1.5 4.9 6.7 - .3 -1.0
United Kingdom -2.9 -5.3 -1.2 -2.0 1.2 3.2 1.6 .5
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Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-97--continued
Average annual rates of change(1)
Country 1979-97 1979-85 1985-90 1990-97 1994 1995 1996 1997
or area
Employment
United States -0.7 -1.4 -0.1 -0.4 1.3 1.1 -0.5 0.5
Canada - .1 - .8 .4 .3 3.4 2.8 2.5 3.2
Japan .4 1.2 .8 - .5 -2.0 -2.5 - .6 - .2
Korea NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Taiwan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Belgium -1.6 -2.7 - .4 -1.4 -3.7 4.8 -1.4 -1.2
Denmark .0 1.0 - .2 - .7 .5 3.1 -1.3 1.4
France -1.8 -2.3 - .9 -2.1 -2.8 - .1 -1.2 -1.3
Germany(2) -1.1 -1.1 1.1 -2.8 -5.1 -2.2 -3.1 -2.5
Italy -1.7 -2.9 .3 -2.1 - .2 - .5 - .9 - .7
Netherlands NA -2.3 1.3 NA -5.3 -1.8 - .9 NA
Norway -1.0 -1.8 -2.7 .9 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.7
Sweden -1.7 -1.2 - .8 -2.7 1.8 4.8 - .7 -1.1
United Kingdom -2.7 -4.9 -1.2 -2.0 .6 2.4 1.3 .4
Average hours
United States 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.1 -0.8 0.0 0.6
Canada .1 .0 .2 .2 .5 - .4 .2 .1
Japan - .5 .0 - .3 - .9 .1 .7 .8 - .6
Korea NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Taiwan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Belgium - .1 - .6 .7 - .1 2.7 -1.1 .4 .2
Denmark NA - .3 - .5 NA NA NA NA NA
France - .3 -1.0 .1 .0 - .2 .4 .3 - .5
Germany(2) - .8 - .7 -1.0 - .7 .0 - .6 -1.4 .2
Italy .2 - .1 1.0 - .1 2.8 .1 - .8 .4
Netherlands NA - .3 - .2 NA .0 .3 - .1 NA
Norway .0 .0 - .2 .1 .2 - .9 - .3 - .3
Sweden .7 .4 .3 1.2 3.1 1.8 .4 .1
United Kingdom - .2 - .5 .0 .0 .6 .8 .2 .1
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Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-97--continued
Average annual rates of change(1)
Country 1979-97 1979-85 1985-90 1990-97 1994 1995 1996 1997
or area
Hourly compensation(3): National currency basis
United States 4.8 7.1 3.9 3.5 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5
Canada 5.2 8.3 4.9 2.8 .6 3.2 2.2 2.7
Japan 4.1 4.7 4.6 3.3 2.1 2.6 1.0 3.1
Korea NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Taiwan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Belgium 5.1 7.8 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.0 2.2 2.1
Denmark NA 8.1 5.3 NA NA NA NA NA
France 6.6 12.8 4.5 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.6 2.9
Germany(2) 5.3 5.9 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.0 2.3
Italy 9.7 16.7 6.9 5.9 - .5 5.4 6.3 4.9
Netherlands NA 4.9 2.1 NA 4.4 2.7 3.0 NA
Norway 6.9 10.0 7.8 3.8 2.9 4.6 4.8 4.5
Sweden 7.2 9.6 8.5 4.4 3.1 5.0 6.8 4.3
United Kingdom 8.2 11.8 8.8 4.7 1.9 .4 2.1 3.9
Unit labor costs: National currency basis
United States 1.6 3.7 1.6 -0.1 -3.1 -3.3 -1.2 -1.0
Canada 3.2 5.9 3.6 .8 -1.7 .7 3.9 - .1
Japan .5 1.2 .3 .1 .8 -4.5 -1.3 -2.9
Korea 4.7 9.2 6.0 .1 - .7 - .2 2.7 -4.7
Taiwan 3.7 7.3 3.5 .9 1.1 .1 - .2 -1.1
Belgium 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.0 -2.3 3.5 1.0 -3.3
Denmark 3.8 5.9 4.8 1.3 2.8 2.2 - .7 1.0
France 3.2 9.5 1.0 - .5 -5.5 -2.1 -1.4 -3.6
Germany(2) 2.7 3.8 2.7 1.8 -1.6 1.5 .8 -3.4
Italy 5.8 11.2 4.2 2.4 -3.2 - .5 5.9 2.1
Netherlands NA .5 .2 NA -6.9 -2.0 .6 NA
Norway 5.3 7.4 6.4 2.8 2.1 4.0 4.2 3.9
Sweden 3.7 6.4 6.6 - .6 -5.2 - .3 4.2 -2.1
United Kingdom 4.2 7.1 4.0 2.0 -1.4 1.9 3.4 2.9
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Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and
related measures
Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-97--continued
Average annual rates of change(1)
Country 1979-97 1979-85 1985-90 1990-97 1994 1995 1996 1997
or area
Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis
United States 1.6 3.7 1.6 -0.1 -3.1 -3.3 -1.2 -1.0
Canada 2.3 3.2 7.0 -1.6 -7.2 .3 4.5 -1.6
Japan 3.9 - .3 10.8 2.8 9.5 3.8 -14.8 -12.7
Korea .9 - .9 10.5 -4.0 - .8 3.9 -1.5 -19.4
Taiwan 5.0 5.5 12.0 .0 .9 - .1 -3.7 -5.6
Belgium .2 -9.7 13.8 .1 1.1 17.4 -3.8 -16.4
Denmark 2.5 -5.8 16.6 .3 4.9 16.0 -4.1 -11.3
France 1.4 -3.3 11.7 -1.5 -3.4 8.9 -3.9 -15.6
Germany(2) 3.0 -4.1 15.8 .8 .4 15.0 -4.1 -16.2
Italy 1.6 -3.2 14.3 -2.6 -5.5 -1.6 11.8 -7.5
Netherlands NA -7.6 12.9 NA -4.8 11.1 -4.3 NA
Norway 3.3 -1.7 13.3 1.0 2.7 15.8 2.2 -5.3
Sweden .4 -5.2 14.8 -4.2 -4.3 7.7 10.9 -14.1
United Kingdom 2.8 -1.3 10.8 .8 .6 5.0 2.3 8.0
Exchange rates(4)
United States 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Canada - .9 -2.5 3.2 -2.4 -5.6 - .4 .6 -1.5
Japan 3.3 -1.5 10.5 2.6 8.7 8.7 -13.6 -10.1
Korea -3.7 -9.3 4.2 -4.1 - .1 4.2 -4.1 -15.4
Taiwan 1.3 -1.7 8.2 - .9 - .2 - .1 -3.5 -4.5
Belgium -1.1 -11.1 12.2 -1.0 3.5 13.4 -4.8 -13.5
Denmark -1.3 -11.0 11.4 - .9 2.0 13.5 -3.5 -12.2
France -1.7 -11.7 10.5 -1.0 2.2 11.2 -2.5 -12.4
Germany(2) .3 -7.6 12.7 -1.0 2.0 13.2 -4.8 -13.3
Italy -3.9 -12.9 9.8 -4.9 -2.4 -1.1 5.6 -9.5
Netherlands .2 -8.0 12.7 -1.0 2.2 13.4 -4.9 -13.6
Norway -1.8 -8.4 6.6 -1.8 .6 11.4 -1.9 -8.8
Sweden -3.2 -11.0 7.8 -3.6 1.0 8.1 6.4 -12.2
United Kingdom -1.4 -7.9 6.6 -1.2 2.0 3.0 -1.1 4.9
(1)Rates of change based on the compound (3) Adjusted to include employment taxes
rate method. that are not compensation to employees
but are labor costs to employers.
(2)Data relate to the former West Germany. (4) Value of foreign currency relative to
the U.S. dollar.
NA = Not available.
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Trade-weighted unit labor costs
Because the economies covered by the BLS comparative data differ greatly in
their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs
indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit
labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 3.)
The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step process.
First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common
year (in this case 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is
calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor
economies. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the
competitors index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the
United States to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative
trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar
basis.
Chart 3 relates the growth of U.S. unit labor costs to the growth of foreign
competitors' costs. The solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster
than competitors' costs between 1979 and 1985 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years
between 1985 and 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the competitors'
costs or fell at a faster rate. Since 1995, however, the strength of the U.S.
dollar has once again caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise.
The data underlying this chart are shown in table C.
------------------
Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors,
1979-97
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT
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Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors,
1979-97
National Currency Basis U.S. Dollar Basis
U.S. Competitors' U.S. Competitors'
Index Index Ratio Index Index Ratio
1979 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1980 112.3 112.0 100.2 112.3 110.5 101.6
1981 117.6 121.2 97.0 117.6 110.3 106.6
1982 125.1 129.5 96.6 125.1 106.7 117.3
1983 122.8 131.6 93.3 122.8 105.3 116.6
1984 122.2 132.3 92.4 122.2 100.1 122.0
1985 124.2 133.6 92.9 124.2 97.9 126.8
1986 128.9 139.1 92.7 128.9 122.4 105.3
1987 124.1 141.0 88.0 124.1 140.2 88.5
1988 124.3 142.3 87.3 124.3 152.9 81.3
1989 129.4 146.1 88.6 129.4 152.8 84.7
1990 134.7 151.7 88.7 134.7 163.6 82.3
1991 141.0 157.9 89.3 141.0 173.0 81.5
1992 144.7 162.1 89.2 144.7 180.8 80.0
1993 145.9 163.7 89.1 145.9 178.2 81.8
1994 141.3 162.0 87.3 141.3 179.1 78.9
1995 136.7 160.5 85.2 136.7 187.1 73.0
1996 135.0 162.6 83.0 135.0 180.1 75.0
1997 133.7 160.1 83.5 133.7 164.1 81.4
----------------------------------------------------
- Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas
1950-1997
- Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14
countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas,
1950-1997
- Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas,
1960-1997
- Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas,
1950-1997
- Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or
areas, 1950-1997
- Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency
basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis,
14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency
basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 10. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis,
14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 11. Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1997 (Value
of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar)
- Table 12. Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national
currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 13. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis,
14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Table 14. Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI
basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1997
- Technical Notes
- Text version of entire news release
-----------------------------------------------
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Sparks_C@bls.gov
Last modified: Friday, September 25 1998
URL: prod4.nws.htm
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